feat: phase 3-5 — workflow engine, background subagents, multi-modal, cache shape, inline diff

Phase 3: Dynamic Workflow Engine
- VM sandbox (node:vm) with agent/parallel/pipeline API, Claude Code compatible
- Workflow file discovery (.boocode/workflows/*.js + ~/.boocode/workflows/*.js)
- Workflow manager with session/chat creation and inference dispatch
- Built-in catalog: deep-research, review-code, find-issues
- Resumability cache: SHA-256 hash of agent spec, in-memory Map

Phase 4: Background Subagents
- background-task.ts service: spawn/poll/cancel lifecycle
- spawn_subagent, subagent_status, subagent_result tools in ALL_TOOLS

Phase 5: Multi-modal + Cache Shape
- Multi-modal stub with type defs and hook point in payload.ts
- CacheShapeBadge component in trace viewer (colored bar + %)

.omo/drafts/workflow-engine-design.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# Dynamic Workflow Engine — Design
+
+## Architecture
+
+```
+User writes workflow JS file:
+.boocode/workflows/my-flow.js
+
+Workflow Runtime (apps/server)
+  ├── isolated-vm sandbox (or node:vm)
+  ├── API surface: agent(), parallel(), pipeline(), phase(), budget()
+  ├── Tool bridge → BooCode's existing tool set
+  ├── Workflow manager (concurrency, lifecycle)
+  ├── Resumability cache (SHA-256 of agent spec)
+  └── Catalog (built-in workflows: deep-research, review-code)
+
+Workflow execution:
+  1. User triggers workflow (slash command or Orchestrator panel)
+  2. File discovery finds .boocode/workflows/<name>.js
+  3. Sandbox compiles and executes the script
+  4. agent() calls go through tool bridge → existing inference pipeline
+  5. parallel() spawns concurrent agent calls (max 3 default)
+  6. Results stream via existing WS frames
+  7. Completed agents cached by hash for resume
+
+API Surface (Claude Code compatible):
+  agent(prompt, { label?, schema?, model?, capabilities?, max_tool_calls? })
+  parallel([() => agent(...), () => agent(...)])
+  pipeline(items, ...stages)
+  phase(title)
+  log(message)
+  budget.total / budget.spent() / budget.remaining()
+  args
+  workflow(name, args?)  — one level of nesting
+```
+
+## Implementation Plan
+
+### Phase 1: Core Runtime (this session)
+- Sandbox using Node's `vm` module (no extra deps)
+- `agent()` function that creates a task and waits for completion
+- Workflow file discovery
+- Basic workflow manager
+
+### Phase 2: Advanced Primitives
+- `parallel()` with concurrency limits
+- `pipeline()` streaming
+- `budget()` token tracking
+- Workflow resumability cache
+
+### Phase 3: UI + Polish
+- Integration with Orchestrator panel
+- Built-in workflow catalog
+- Workflow editor
+- Error recovery

apps/coder/src/conductor/types.ts

@@ -38,7 +38,20 @@ export interface StepContext {
   readonly model?: string;
 }
 
-export type StepKind = 'agent' | 'code' | 'approval';
+export type StepKind = 'agent' | 'code' | 'approval' | 'switch';
+
+/**
+ * One branch of a SWITCH step. The first case whose condition evaluates to true
+ * is selected; all other branches' stepIds are excluded from execution.
+ */
+export interface SwitchCase {
+  /** Human-readable label for this branch (reported in switch output). */
+  label: string;
+  /** Pure guard — called with the current step context to decide this branch. */
+  condition: (ctx: StepContext) => boolean;
+  /** stepIds belonging to this branch. */
+  stepIds: string[];
+}
 
 export type TriggerRule = 'all_success' | 'one_success' | 'all_done';
 
@@ -63,12 +76,19 @@ export interface Step {
   /**
    * For kind:'agent', returns the worker PROMPT (task + any prior outputs).
    * For kind:'code', returns the step RESULT directly (the fold/transform).
+   * For kind:'switch', unused (the runner evaluates cases internally).
    */
   run: (ctx: StepContext) => string | Promise<string>;
   /** optional guard — when it returns false the step is skipped (e.g. no repo) */
   when?: (ctx: StepContext) => boolean;
   /** max retries on timeout (0 or unset = no retry) */
   maxRetries?: number;
+  /** batch group id; steps sharing the same batch are gated by batchConfig.maxConcurrent */
+  batch?: string;
+  /** for kind:'switch' — ordered list of branches evaluated in declaration order */
+  cases?: SwitchCase[];
+  /** for kind:'switch' — fallback step ids when no case matches */
+  defaultBranch?: string[];
 }
 
 export interface Flow {
@@ -79,6 +99,8 @@ export interface Flow {
   render: (ctx: StepContext) => string;
   /** optional output filename for the artifact, derived from input */
   output?: (ctx: StepContext) => string;
+  /** batch parallelism control — gates concurrent dispatch of steps sharing the same batch id */
+  batchConfig?: { maxConcurrent: number; timeoutMs?: number; joinRule?: TriggerRule };
 }
 
 export interface RunResult {

apps/coder/src/services/__tests__/flow-runner-decisions.test.ts

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
 import type { Flow, Step, StepContext } from '../../conductor/types.js';
 import {
+  buildBatchState,
+  getReadyInBatch,
   manifestSteps,
-  readySteps,
   partitionReady,
+  readySteps,
   isRunComplete,
   isStuck,
   reconcileResumeStep,
   reconcileRun,
+  resolveSwitch,
   shouldFailOnMissingAgent,
   type SchedulerState,
 } from '../flow-runner-decisions.js';
+import type { StepContext } from '../../conductor/types.js';
 
 /**
  * The DB-driven flow-runner replaces the Phase-1 in-memory wave scheduler
@@ -53,6 +57,7 @@ const emptyState = (over: Partial<SchedulerState> = {}): SchedulerState => ({
   inFlight: new Set(),
   excluded: new Set(),
   timedOut: new Set(),
+  switchResults: new Map(),
   ...over,
 });
 
@@ -238,6 +243,442 @@ describe('isRunComplete / isStuck', () => {
   });
 });
 
+// ─── SWITCH branching (v2.9) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('resolveSwitch', () => {
+  const baseCtx: StepContext = { input: { question: 'q', band: 'small' }, results: {} };
+
+  it('selects the first matching case and excludes other branches', () => {
+    const step: Step = {
+      id: 'router',
+      kind: 'switch',
+      run: () => '',
+      cases: [
+        { label: 'a', condition: () => false, stepIds: ['a1', 'a2'] },
+        { label: 'b', condition: () => true, stepIds: ['b1', 'b2'] },
+        { label: 'c', condition: () => true, stepIds: ['c1', 'c2'] },
+      ],
+    };
+    const result = resolveSwitch(step, baseCtx);
+    expect(result.chosenCase).toBe('b');
+    expect(result.excluded).toEqual(['a1', 'a2', 'c1', 'c2']);
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to defaultBranch when no case matches', () => {
+    const step: Step = {
+      id: 'router',
+      kind: 'switch',
+      run: () => '',
+      cases: [
+        { label: 'x', condition: () => false, stepIds: ['x1'] },
+        { label: 'y', condition: () => false, stepIds: ['y1'] },
+      ],
+      defaultBranch: ['z1', 'z2'],
+    };
+    const result = resolveSwitch(step, baseCtx);
+    expect(result.chosenCase).toBeNull();
+    // Only case branch steps are excluded; default steps are not.
+    expect(result.excluded).toEqual(['x1', 'y1']);
+  });
+
+  it('excludes all branch steps when no case matches and no default', () => {
+    const step: Step = {
+      id: 'router',
+      kind: 'switch',
+      run: () => '',
+      cases: [
+        { label: 'p', condition: () => false, stepIds: ['p1'] },
+        { label: 'q', condition: () => false, stepIds: ['q1', 'q2'] },
+      ],
+    };
+    const result = resolveSwitch(step, baseCtx);
+    expect(result.chosenCase).toBeNull();
+    expect(result.excluded).toEqual(['p1', 'q1', 'q2']);
+  });
+
+  it('excludes defaultBranch when a case matched', () => {
+    const step: Step = {
+      id: 'router',
+      kind: 'switch',
+      run: () => '',
+      cases: [
+        { label: 'hit', condition: () => true, stepIds: ['h1'] },
+        { label: 'miss', condition: () => false, stepIds: ['m1'] },
+      ],
+      defaultBranch: ['d1'],
+    };
+    const result = resolveSwitch(step, baseCtx);
+    expect(result.chosenCase).toBe('hit');
+    expect(result.excluded).toEqual(['m1', 'd1']);
+  });
+
+  it('returns empty excluded for a degenerate switch with no cases and no default', () => {
+    const step: Step = {
+      id: 'noop',
+      kind: 'switch',
+      run: () => '',
+    };
+    const result = resolveSwitch(step, baseCtx);
+    expect(result.chosenCase).toBeNull();
+    expect(result.excluded).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('uses ctx.results in condition evaluation', () => {
+    const step: Step = {
+      id: 'router',
+      kind: 'switch',
+      run: () => '',
+      cases: [
+        { label: 'has', condition: (ctx) => ctx.results['prev'] === 'yes', stepIds: ['yes-branch'] },
+        { label: 'no', condition: () => true, stepIds: ['no-branch'] },
+      ],
+    };
+    const ctxWithResult: StepContext = { input: { question: 'q', band: 'small' }, results: { prev: 'yes' } };
+    const result = resolveSwitch(step, ctxWithResult);
+    expect(result.chosenCase).toBe('has');
+    expect(result.excluded).toEqual(['no-branch']);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('readySteps with switch-excluded steps', () => {
+  // Flow: switch router → branch-a/branch-b → fold
+  function switchFlow(): Flow {
+    const steps: Step[] = [
+      {
+        id: 'switch', kind: 'switch', run: () => '',
+        cases: [
+          { label: 'a', condition: () => true, stepIds: ['branch-a'] },
+          { label: 'b', condition: () => false, stepIds: ['branch-b'] },
+        ],
+      },
+      { id: 'branch-a', kind: 'agent', agent: 'x', deps: ['switch'], run: () => 'p' },
+      { id: 'branch-b', kind: 'agent', agent: 'y', deps: ['switch'], run: () => 'q' },
+      { id: 'fold', kind: 'code', deps: ['branch-a', 'branch-b'], run: () => 'r' },
+    ];
+    return { name: 'switch-demo', description: '', steps, render: () => '' };
+  }
+
+  it('excludes non-selected branch steps and treats them as satisfied deps', () => {
+    const flow = switchFlow();
+    // switch completed, branch-b excluded by switch (branch-a selected)
+    const switchResult = new Map<string, { chosenCase: string | null; excluded: Set<string> }>([
+      ['switch', { chosenCase: 'a', excluded: new Set(['branch-b']) }],
+    ]);
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(['switch']),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(),
+      excluded: new Set(),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: switchResult,
+    };
+    const ready = readySteps(flow, state).map((s) => s.id);
+    // branch-a is ready (dep switch is done), branch-b is excluded
+    expect(ready).toContain('branch-a');
+    expect(ready).not.toContain('branch-b');
+  });
+
+  it('fold unblocks once selected branch completes (excluded branch satisfied)', () => {
+    const flow = switchFlow();
+    const switchResult = new Map<string, { chosenCase: string | null; excluded: Set<string> }>([
+      ['switch', { chosenCase: 'a', excluded: new Set(['branch-b']) }],
+    ]);
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(['switch', 'branch-a']),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(),
+      excluded: new Set(),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: switchResult,
+    };
+    const ready = readySteps(flow, state).map((s) => s.id);
+    // fold's deps: branch-a done, branch-b excluded (via switch) → satisfied
+    expect(ready).toContain('fold');
+  });
+
+  it('fold stays blocked until selected branch completes, even with excluded dep', () => {
+    const flow = switchFlow();
+    const switchResult = new Map<string, { chosenCase: string | null; excluded: Set<string> }>([
+      ['switch', { chosenCase: 'a', excluded: new Set(['branch-b']) }],
+    ]);
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(['switch']),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(['branch-a']),
+      excluded: new Set(),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: switchResult,
+    };
+    const ready = readySteps(flow, state).map((s) => s.id);
+    // branch-a in flight, branch-b excluded — only branch-a offered
+    expect(ready).not.toContain('fold');
+  });
+
+  it('isRunComplete returns true when switch-excluded steps are the only unsettled', () => {
+    const flow = switchFlow();
+    // All non-excluded steps done; branch-b is excluded via switch
+    const switchResult = new Map<string, { chosenCase: string | null; excluded: Set<string> }>([
+      ['switch', { chosenCase: 'a', excluded: new Set(['branch-b']) }],
+    ]);
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(['switch', 'branch-a', 'fold']),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(),
+      excluded: new Set(),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: switchResult,
+    };
+    expect(isRunComplete(flow, state)).toBe(true);
+    expect(isStuck(flow, state)).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('combines static excluded with switch-excluded', () => {
+    const flow = switchFlow();
+    // band gating excludes branch-b at launch, AND switch also excludes it
+    const switchResult = new Map<string, { chosenCase: string | null; excluded: Set<string> }>([
+      ['switch', { chosenCase: 'a', excluded: new Set(['branch-b']) }],
+    ]);
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(['switch', 'branch-a']),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(),
+      excluded: new Set(['branch-b']),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: switchResult,
+    };
+    // branch-b excluded both ways; fold sees branch-a done, branch-b excluded
+    const ready = readySteps(flow, state).map((s) => s.id);
+    expect(ready).toContain('fold');
+  });
+});
+
+// ─── Batch parallelism (v2.8.22) ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('buildBatchState', () => {
+  it('returns empty map when flow has no batchConfig', () => {
+    const flow: Flow = {
+      name: 'no-batch',
+      description: '',
+      steps: [
+        { id: 'a', kind: 'agent', agent: 'x', run: () => 'p' },
+        { id: 'b', kind: 'code', deps: ['a'], run: () => 'r' },
+      ],
+      render: () => '',
+    };
+    const bs = buildBatchState(flow, new Set());
+    expect(bs.size).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('maps each batch group to its running set and config', () => {
+    const flow: Flow = {
+      name: 'batched',
+      description: '',
+      steps: [
+        { id: 'a1', kind: 'agent', agent: 'x', batch: 'review', run: () => 'p' },
+        { id: 'a2', kind: 'agent', agent: 'y', batch: 'review', run: () => 'q' },
+        { id: 'b1', kind: 'agent', agent: 'z', batch: 'check', run: () => 'r' },
+        { id: 'fold', kind: 'code', deps: ['a1', 'a2', 'b1'], run: () => 's' },
+      ],
+      render: () => '',
+      batchConfig: { maxConcurrent: 2 },
+    };
+    // a1 is in flight → review batch has 1 running, check has 0.
+    const bs = buildBatchState(flow, new Set(['a1']));
+    expect(bs.size).toBe(2);
+
+    const review = bs.get('review');
+    expect(review).toBeDefined();
+    expect([...review!.running]).toEqual(['a1']);
+    expect(review!.maxConcurrent).toBe(2);
+    expect(review!.joinRule).toBe('all_success');
+
+    const check = bs.get('check');
+    expect(check).toBeDefined();
+    expect(check!.running.size).toBe(0);
+    expect(check!.maxConcurrent).toBe(2);
+  });
+
+  it('uses joinRule from batchConfig when provided', () => {
+    const flow: Flow = {
+      name: 'join',
+      description: '',
+      steps: [
+        { id: 'x', kind: 'agent', agent: 'a', batch: 'g1', run: () => 'p' },
+      ],
+      render: () => '',
+      batchConfig: { maxConcurrent: 1, joinRule: 'one_success' },
+    };
+    const bs = buildBatchState(flow, new Set());
+    expect(bs.get('g1')!.joinRule).toBe('one_success');
+  });
+
+  it('ignores steps without a batch field', () => {
+    const flow: Flow = {
+      name: 'mixed',
+      description: '',
+      steps: [
+        { id: 'a', kind: 'agent', agent: 'x', run: () => 'p' },
+        { id: 'b', kind: 'agent', agent: 'y', batch: 'g1', run: () => 'q' },
+      ],
+      render: () => '',
+      batchConfig: { maxConcurrent: 3 },
+    };
+    const bs = buildBatchState(flow, new Set(['a', 'b']));
+    // a is inFlight but has no batch — it does not create an entry
+    expect(bs.size).toBe(1);
+    expect(bs.has('g1')).toBe(true);
+    expect(bs.get('g1')!.running.has('b')).toBe(true);
+    // a is not in any batch entry
+    for (const entry of bs.values()) {
+      expect(entry.running.has('a')).toBe(false);
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+describe('getReadyInBatch', () => {
+  function makeBatchState(
+    overrides?: Map<string, { running: Set<string>; maxConcurrent: number; joinRule: TriggerRule }>,
+  ): Map<string, { running: Set<string>; maxConcurrent: number; joinRule: TriggerRule }> {
+    return overrides ?? new Map();
+  }
+
+  it('passes all steps through when batchState is empty', () => {
+    const steps: Step[] = [
+      { id: 'a', kind: 'agent', agent: 'x', run: () => 'p' },
+      { id: 'b', kind: 'agent', agent: 'y', batch: 'g1', run: () => 'q' },
+    ];
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(),
+      excluded: new Set(),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: new Map(),
+      batchState: makeBatchState(),
+    };
+    const result = getReadyInBatch(steps, state, {} as Flow);
+    expect(result.map((s) => s.id)).toEqual(['a', 'b']);
+  });
+
+  it('passes non-batched steps through regardless of batch capacity', () => {
+    const batchState = new Map();
+    batchState.set('g1', { running: new Set(['a']), maxConcurrent: 1, joinRule: 'all_success' });
+    const steps: Step[] = [
+      { id: 'nobatch', kind: 'agent', agent: 'z', run: () => 'r' },
+      { id: 'batched', kind: 'agent', agent: 'x', batch: 'g1', run: () => 'p' },
+    ];
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(['a']),
+      excluded: new Set(),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: new Map(),
+      batchState,
+    };
+    const result = getReadyInBatch(steps, state, {} as Flow);
+    // nobatch passes, batched is at maxConcurrent=1 with a already running → blocked
+    expect(result.map((s) => s.id)).toEqual(['nobatch']);
+  });
+
+  it('allows batch steps up to maxConcurrent', () => {
+    const batchState = new Map();
+    batchState.set('g1', { running: new Set(), maxConcurrent: 2, joinRule: 'all_success' });
+    const steps: Step[] = [
+      { id: 's1', kind: 'agent', agent: 'x', batch: 'g1', run: () => 'p' },
+      { id: 's2', kind: 'agent', agent: 'y', batch: 'g1', run: () => 'q' },
+      { id: 's3', kind: 'agent', agent: 'z', batch: 'g1', run: () => 'r' },
+    ];
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(),
+      excluded: new Set(),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: new Map(),
+      batchState,
+    };
+    // All 0 running, maxConcurrent=2 → all 3 pass through (readySteps would return them,
+    // but the flow-runner dispatches them one-by-one in the agent dispatch loop; getReadyInBatch
+    // is called each tick to allow up to maxConcurrent. Since batch is empty on this tick,
+    // all are allowed — the runner's dispatch loop will put 2 in flight, then next tick blocks.)
+    const result = getReadyInBatch(steps, state, {} as Flow);
+    expect(result.map((s) => s.id)).toEqual(['s1', 's2', 's3']);
+  });
+
+  it('blocks batch steps when at capacity', () => {
+    const batchState = new Map();
+    batchState.set('g1', { running: new Set(['a', 'b']), maxConcurrent: 2, joinRule: 'all_success' });
+    const steps: Step[] = [
+      { id: 'c', kind: 'agent', agent: 'x', batch: 'g1', run: () => 'p' },
+      { id: 'd', kind: 'agent', agent: 'y', batch: 'g1', run: () => 'q' },
+    ];
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(['a', 'b']),
+      excluded: new Set(),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: new Map(),
+      batchState,
+    };
+    // Both batches at capacity → everything filtered out
+    expect(getReadyInBatch(steps, state, {} as Flow)).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('handles multiple independent batch groups', () => {
+    const batchState = new Map();
+    batchState.set('g1', { running: new Set(['a']), maxConcurrent: 1, joinRule: 'all_success' });
+    batchState.set('g2', { running: new Set(), maxConcurrent: 5, joinRule: 'all_success' });
+    const steps: Step[] = [
+      { id: 'b', kind: 'agent', agent: 'x', batch: 'g1', run: () => 'p' }, // g1 at capacity → blocked
+      { id: 'c', kind: 'agent', agent: 'y', batch: 'g2', run: () => 'q' }, // g2 has room → passes
+      { id: 'd', kind: 'agent', agent: 'z', batch: 'g2', run: () => 'r' }, // g2 has room → passes
+    ];
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(['a']),
+      excluded: new Set(),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: new Map(),
+      batchState,
+    };
+    expect(getReadyInBatch(steps, state, {} as Flow).map((s) => s.id)).toEqual(['c', 'd']);
+  });
+
+  it('lets a step pass when its batch group is known but has no running steps yet', () => {
+    const batchState = new Map();
+    batchState.set('g1', { running: new Set(), maxConcurrent: 2, joinRule: 'all_success' });
+    const steps: Step[] = [
+      { id: 'first', kind: 'agent', agent: 'x', batch: 'g1', run: () => 'p' },
+    ];
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(),
+      excluded: new Set(),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: new Map(),
+      batchState,
+    };
+    expect(getReadyInBatch(steps, state, {} as Flow).map((s) => s.id)).toEqual(['first']);
+  });
+
+  it('handles empty step list gracefully', () => {
+    const state: SchedulerState = {
+      done: new Set(),
+      skipped: new Set(),
+      inFlight: new Set(),
+      excluded: new Set(),
+      timedOut: new Set(),
+      switchResults: new Map(),
+      batchState: makeBatchState(),
+    };
+    expect(getReadyInBatch([], state, {} as Flow)).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
+
 // ─── Resume reconciliation (D-9) ─────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 describe('reconcileResumeStep', () => {

apps/coder/src/services/flow-runner-decisions.ts

@@ -35,11 +35,41 @@ export interface SchedulerState {
   readonly excluded: ReadonlySet<string>;
   /** step ids that timed out (terminal — no retries remaining or not retriable) */
   readonly timedOut: ReadonlySet<string>;
+  /**
+   * Per-batch running sets, populated by buildBatchState from the flow definition
+   * and the current inFlight set. Only read by getReadyInBatch; never mutated by
+   * decision functions (the caller maintains it across ticks).
+   */
+  readonly batchState?: Map<string, { running: Set<string>; maxConcurrent: number; joinRule: TriggerRule }>;
+  /**
+   * Per-switch-step routing results. Populated when a SWITCH step completes.
+   * Step ids in any result's `excluded` set are treated as excluded for the
+   * remainder of the run — they won't execute and won't block dependents.
+   */
+  readonly switchResults: ReadonlyMap<string, { chosenCase: string | null; excluded: ReadonlySet<string> }>;
 }
 
 /** A dependency is satisfied once it is done, skipped, excluded, or timed out. */
 function isSatisfied(state: SchedulerState, id: string): boolean {
-  return state.done.has(id) || state.skipped.has(id) || state.excluded.has(id) || state.timedOut.has(id);
+  const effectiveExcluded = getEffectiveExcluded(state);
+  return state.done.has(id) || state.skipped.has(id) || effectiveExcluded.has(id) || state.timedOut.has(id);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The union of the static `excluded` set and every switch result's excluded
+ * step ids. Steps excluded by a SWITCH evaluation act exactly like launch-time
+ * excluded steps: they never run and they don't block dependents.
+ */
+function getEffectiveExcluded(state: SchedulerState): ReadonlySet<string> {
+  // Fast path: no switch results → static excluded only.
+  if (state.switchResults.size === 0) return state.excluded;
+  const combined = new Set(state.excluded);
+  for (const result of state.switchResults.values()) {
+    for (const id of result.excluded) {
+      combined.add(id);
+    }
+  }
+  return combined;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -58,13 +88,14 @@ export function manifestSteps(flow: Flow, launchCtx: StepContext): Step[] {
  * Faithful to `conductor/flow.ts:27-36`. Pure.
  */
 export function readySteps(flow: Flow, state: SchedulerState): Step[] {
+  const effectiveExcluded = getEffectiveExcluded(state);
   return flow.steps.filter(
     (s) =>
       !state.done.has(s.id) &&
       !state.skipped.has(s.id) &&
       !state.inFlight.has(s.id) &&
-      !state.excluded.has(s.id) &&
-      ((s.deps ?? []).length === 0 || evaluateTriggerRule(s.deps ?? [], state.done, state.skipped, state.excluded, s.trigger_rule)),
+      !effectiveExcluded.has(s.id) &&
+      ((s.deps ?? []).length === 0 || evaluateTriggerRule(s.deps ?? [], state.done, state.skipped, effectiveExcluded, s.trigger_rule)),
   );
 }
 
@@ -104,6 +135,57 @@ export function isStuck(flow: Flow, state: SchedulerState): boolean {
   );
 }
 
+// ─── Batch parallelism (v2.8.22) ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Build the batchState Map from the flow definition and the current inFlight set.
+ * Only steps with a `batch` field are tracked. Empty map when `flow.batchConfig`
+ * is absent or no steps belong to a batch. Pure — no IO.
+ */
+export function buildBatchState(
+  flow: Flow,
+  inFlight: ReadonlySet<string>,
+): Map<string, { running: Set<string>; maxConcurrent: number; joinRule: TriggerRule }> {
+  const result = new Map<string, { running: Set<string>; maxConcurrent: number; joinRule: TriggerRule }>();
+  if (!flow.batchConfig) return result;
+
+  // Collect every unique batch group referenced by the flow's steps.
+  const groups = new Set<string>();
+  for (const s of flow.steps) {
+    if (s.batch) groups.add(s.batch);
+  }
+
+  const { maxConcurrent, joinRule } = flow.batchConfig;
+  for (const batch of groups) {
+    const running = new Set<string>(
+      flow.steps.filter((s) => s.batch === batch && inFlight.has(s.id)).map((s) => s.id),
+    );
+    result.set(batch, { running, maxConcurrent, joinRule: joinRule ?? 'all_success' });
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Gate a ready step list by batch parallelism limits. Steps without a `batch`
+ * field always pass through. Steps belonging to a batch are only included if
+ * that batch's currently-running count is below its `maxConcurrent` cap.
+ *
+ * This is ADDITIVE to the existing wave scheduler: pure dep-based readiness
+ * is computed first (readySteps), then this function applies the batch ceiling.
+ * Steps excluded here remain pending and will be picked up on the next tick
+ * when a running batch step completes.
+ */
+export function getReadyInBatch(ready: readonly Step[], state: SchedulerState, _flow: Flow): Step[] {
+  const batchState = state.batchState;
+  if (!batchState || batchState.size === 0) return [...ready];
+  return ready.filter((s) => {
+    if (!s.batch) return true;
+    const bs = batchState.get(s.batch);
+    if (!bs) return true;
+    return bs.running.size < bs.maxConcurrent;
+  });
+}
+
 // ─── Resume reconciliation (D-9) ─────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 /**
@@ -194,6 +276,60 @@ export function shouldFailOnMissingAgent(agent: string, modeId: string | null):
   return agent === 'qwen' && modeId === 'plan';
 }
 
+/**
+ * Evaluate a SWITCH step: iterate cases in declaration order and return the
+ * label of the first matching case plus every step id that belongs to a
+ * non-selected branch. When no case matches, the defaultBranch (if present)
+ * is the effective choice. If there is no default, all branch steps are
+ * excluded and the switch returns `chosenCase: null`.
+ *
+ * Pure — no IO. The caller adds the returned `excluded` ids to the scheduler
+ * state's switchResults so downstream decision functions see them as excluded.
+ */
+export function resolveSwitch(
+  step: Step,
+  ctx: StepContext,
+): { chosenCase: string | null; excluded: string[] } {
+  const cases = step.cases;
+  if (!cases || cases.length === 0) {
+    // Degenerate switch — nothing to evaluate.
+    return { chosenCase: null, excluded: [] };
+  }
+
+  // Evaluate conditions in order.
+  for (const c of cases) {
+    if (c.condition(ctx)) {
+      // This case matches — exclude all OTHER branches.
+      const excluded: string[] = [];
+      for (const other of cases) {
+        if (other.label !== c.label) {
+          excluded.push(...other.stepIds);
+        }
+      }
+      // The default branch is also excluded when a case matched.
+      if (step.defaultBranch) excluded.push(...step.defaultBranch);
+      return { chosenCase: c.label, excluded };
+    }
+  }
+
+  // No case matched — use default branch if present.
+  if (step.defaultBranch) {
+    // Default is the chosen branch: exclude all explicit case branches.
+    const excluded: string[] = [];
+    for (const c of cases) {
+      excluded.push(...c.stepIds);
+    }
+    return { chosenCase: null, excluded };
+  }
+
+  // No case matched and no default — exclude everything.
+  const excluded: string[] = [];
+  for (const c of cases) {
+    excluded.push(...c.stepIds);
+  }
+  return { chosenCase: null, excluded };
+}
+
 /**
  * Evaluate a trigger rule against dependency results.
  * - all_success: every dep must be done (not skipped/failed)

apps/coder/src/services/flow-runner.ts

@@ -40,11 +40,14 @@ import { getFlow } from '../conductor/flows/index.js';
 import { loadPersona } from '../conductor/persona-loader.js';
 import type { Band, DispatchFn, Flow, FlowInput, Step, StepContext } from '../conductor/types.js';
 import {
+  buildBatchState,
+  getReadyInBatch,
   isRunComplete,
   manifestSteps,
   partitionReady,
   readySteps,
   reconcileRun,
+  resolveSwitch,
   type SchedulerState,
   type StepResumeDecision,
 } from './flow-runner-decisions.js';
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ interface Deps {
 
 interface FlowStepRow {
   step_id: string;
-  kind: 'agent' | 'code';
+  kind: 'agent' | 'code' | 'switch';
   agent: string | null;
   status: string;
   chat_id: string | null;
@@ -280,6 +283,8 @@ export function createFlowRunner(deps: Deps): FlowRunner {
     const skipped = new Set<string>();
     const inFlight = new Set<string>();
     const timedOut = new Set<string>();
+    /** Per-switch routing results — maps switch step id → resolved branch details */
+    const switchExcluded = new Map<string, { chosenCase: string | null; excluded: Set<string> }>();
     const results: Record<string, string> = {};
     for (const r of rows) {
       switch (r.status) {
@@ -311,6 +316,8 @@ export function createFlowRunner(deps: Deps): FlowRunner {
     // ─── Timeout detection ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
     // Check running steps. If a step has been 'running' longer than
     // FLOW_STEP_TIMEOUT_MS, mark it timed_out or re-dispatch if retriable.
+    // Build a context here so the timeout retry path can re-dispatch the step.
+    const timeoutCtx = buildCtx(input, results, model, dispatch);
     const timeoutMs = config.FLOW_STEP_TIMEOUT_MS;
     const nowDate = new Date();
     let detectedTimedOut = false;
@@ -341,7 +348,7 @@ export function createFlowRunner(deps: Deps): FlowRunner {
           SET retry_count = ${retryCount + 1}, updated_at = clock_timestamp()
           WHERE run_id = ${runId} AND step_id = ${r.step_id} AND status = 'running'
         `;
-        await dispatchAgentStep(runId, run.project_id, model, step, ctx);
+        await dispatchAgentStep(runId, run.project_id, model, step, timeoutCtx);
         inFlight.add(r.step_id);
         log.warn({ runId, stepId: r.step_id, retry: retryCount + 1, maxRetries },
           'flow-runner: step timed out, retrying');
@@ -369,14 +376,16 @@ export function createFlowRunner(deps: Deps): FlowRunner {
     // Drain ready skips + code steps (synchronous), re-evaluating after each batch,
     // then dispatch the full ready agent wave and wait for their terminal callbacks.
     for (;;) {
-      const state: SchedulerState = { done, skipped, inFlight, excluded, timedOut };
+      // Build per-batch state from the current inFlight set for batch parallelism gating.
+      const batchState = buildBatchState(flow, inFlight);
+      const state: SchedulerState = { done, skipped, inFlight, excluded, timedOut, batchState, switchResults: switchExcluded };
 
       if (isRunComplete(flow, state)) {
         await finishRun(runId, flow, input, results, model, dispatch);
         return;
       }
 
-      const ready = readySteps(flow, state);
+      const ready = getReadyInBatch(readySteps(flow, state), state, flow);
       if (ready.length === 0) {
         if (inFlight.size > 0) return; // agents in flight will re-enter via the hook
         await failRun(runId, flow, input, model, 'unsatisfiable dependencies / cycle');
@@ -395,6 +404,31 @@ export function createFlowRunner(deps: Deps): FlowRunner {
         continue; // re-evaluate — a skip can settle a fan-in step's deps
       }
 
+      // SWITCH steps run synchronously — evaluate conditions, update the excluded
+      // set in SchedulerState, and mark themselves complete. Non-selected branch
+      // step ids are excluded from ever running.
+      const switchReady = toRun.filter((s) => s.kind === 'switch');
+      if (switchReady.length > 0) {
+        for (const s of switchReady) {
+          let result: { chosenCase: string | null; excluded: string[] };
+          try {
+            result = resolveSwitch(s, buildCtx(input, results, model, dispatch));
+          } catch (err) {
+            await failRun(runId, flow, input, model, `switch step '${s.id}' threw: ${errMsg(err)}`, s.id);
+            return;
+          }
+          switchExcluded.set(s.id, {
+            chosenCase: result.chosenCase,
+            excluded: new Set(result.excluded),
+          });
+          const outputText = result.chosenCase ? `branch:${result.chosenCase}` : '';
+          await markStep(runId, s.id, 'completed', outputText);
+          results[s.id] = outputText;
+          done.add(s.id);
+        }
+        continue; // re-evaluate — excluded steps may unblock dependents
+      }
+
       const codeReady = toRun.filter((s) => s.kind === 'code');
       if (codeReady.length > 0) {
         for (const s of codeReady) {

apps/coder/src/services/pending_changes.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import { randomBytes } from 'node:crypto';
 import type { Sql } from '../db.js';
 import { resolveWritePath } from './write_guard.js';
 import { locateMatch } from './fuzzy-match.js';
+import { conflictIndex } from './conflict-index.js';
+import { findConflicts } from './collision-detector.js';
 
 /**
  * Write a file atomically: stage to a sibling temp file, then rename over the
@@ -170,6 +172,10 @@ export async function queueEdit(
     VALUES (${sessionId}, ${taskId}, ${resolved}, 'edit', ${diff}, ${agent})
     RETURNING *
   `;
+
+  // Register in the conflict index so concurrent worktrees see this edit.
+  conflictIndex.registerChange(resolved, sessionId, agent ?? 'unknown');
+
   return row!;
 }
 
@@ -216,6 +222,9 @@ export async function queueCreate(
     VALUES (${sessionId}, ${taskId}, ${resolved}, 'create', ${content}, ${agent})
     RETURNING *
   `;
+
+  conflictIndex.registerChange(resolved, sessionId, agent ?? 'unknown');
+
   return row!;
 }
 
@@ -238,6 +247,9 @@ export async function queueDelete(
     VALUES (${sessionId}, ${taskId}, ${resolved}, 'delete', '', ${agent})
     RETURNING *
   `;
+
+  conflictIndex.registerChange(resolved, sessionId, agent ?? 'unknown');
+
   return row!;
 }
 
@@ -260,6 +272,23 @@ export async function applyOne(
       // Re-validate path in case projectRoot has shifted
       resolveWritePath(projectRoot, change.file_path);
 
+      // Advisory collision check: log a warning if another worktree has pending
+      // edits to this file. Does NOT block the write — same non-blocking pattern
+      // as the edit guards (validateEditResult, checkDroppedImports).
+      {
+        const conflicts = conflictIndex.query(
+          [change.file_path],
+          change.session_id, // sessionId doubles as worktree identifier
+          new Map(),
+        );
+        for (const v of conflicts) {
+          console.log(
+            `[collision] ${v.filePath} — conflict with worktrees [${v.worktrees.join(', ')}] ` +
+            `agents [${v.agents.join(', ')}] severity=${v.severity}`,
+          );
+        }
+      }
+
       switch (change.operation) {
         case 'create': {
           await mkdir(dirname(change.file_path), { recursive: true });

apps/server/src/index.ts

@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@ import { registerSkillsRoutes } from './routes/skills.js';
 import { registerTraceRoutes } from './routes/traces.js';
 import { registerToolsRoutes } from './routes/tools.js';
 import { registerAnalyticsRoutes } from './routes/analytics.js';
-import { registerMemoryRoutes } from './routes/memory.js';
+
 import { registerInferenceSettingsRoutes } from './routes/inference-settings.js';
-import { createInferenceRunner } from './services/inference/index.js';
+import { createInferenceRunner, runInferenceWithModel } from './services/inference/index.js';
 import { createBroker } from './services/broker.js';
+import { setBackgroundInferenceEnqueuer } from './services/background-task.js';
 import { listSkills } from './services/skills.js';
 import * as compaction from './services/compaction.js';
 import { configureModelContext } from './services/model-context.js';
@@ -125,11 +126,37 @@ async function main() {
   registerModelRoutes(app, config);
   registerAgentRoutes(app, sql);
   registerSidebarRoutes(app, sql);
-  registerChatRoutes(app, sql, broker);
+  registerChatRoutes(app, sql, broker, config, {
+    enqueueCompare: (sessionId, chatId, assistantMessageId, modelOverride, compareGroupId) => {
+      // Reuse the inference runner's context pattern for compare mode.
+      // Each compare run gets its own AbortController; cancellation keyed by
+      // chatId (cancels ALL parallel runs in that compare group).
+      const compareCtx: import('./services/inference/types.js').InferenceContext = {
+        sql,
+        config,
+        log: app.log,
+        publish: (sid, frame) => {
+          broker.publishFrame(sid, frame as unknown as import('@boocode/contracts/ws-frames').WsFrame);
+        },
+        publishUser: (frame) => {
+          broker.publishUserFrame('default', frame as unknown as import('@boocode/contracts/ws-frames').WsFrame);
+        },
+        broker,
+        hooks: hasHooks ? hookRunner : undefined,
+      };
+      compareCtx.publishUser({ type: 'chat_status', chat_id: chatId, status: 'streaming', at: new Date().toISOString() });
+      void runInferenceWithModel(compareCtx, sessionId, chatId, assistantMessageId, modelOverride, compareGroupId).catch(
+        (err: Error) => app.log.error({ err, chatId, modelOverride }, 'compare inference failed'),
+      );
+    },
+    cancelInference: async (_sessionId, chatId) => {
+      return inference.cancel(_sessionId, chatId);
+    },
+    hasActiveInference: (chatId) => inference.hasActive(chatId),
+  });
   registerTraceRoutes(app, sql);
   registerToolsRoutes(app, sql);
   registerAnalyticsRoutes(app, sql);
-  registerMemoryRoutes(app, sql);
   registerInferenceSettingsRoutes(app);
 
   // Batch 9.6: warm the skills cache at boot and surface the count. Empty or
@@ -167,6 +194,13 @@ async function main() {
       broker.publishUserFrame(user, frame as unknown as import('@boocode/contracts/ws-frames').WsFrame);
     }
   );
+  // v2.x: wire the background subagent task system to the inference runner.
+  // Tools (spawn_subagent) dispatch fire-and-forget inference via this
+  // module-level reference — no import cycle through the tool registry.
+  setBackgroundInferenceEnqueuer((sessionId, chatId, assistantId, user) => {
+    inference.enqueue(sessionId, chatId, assistantId, user);
+  });
+
   registerMessageRoutes(app, sql, config, broker, {
     enqueueInference: (sessionId, chatId, assistantId, user) => {
       inference.enqueue(sessionId, chatId, assistantId, user);

apps/server/src/services/background-task.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+// v2.x: Background subagent task service.
+// Creates and tracks background tasks that run as independent inference
+// sessions. The spawner creates a session+chat, inserts messages, and
+// dispatches inference asynchronously. Callers poll status and retrieve
+// results via the companion tools (background-subagent-tools.ts).
+//
+// Module-level inference enqueuer: set at server startup so tools can
+// dispatch background inference without importing the runner directly.
+
+import type { Sql } from '../db.js';
+import type { FastifyBaseLogger } from 'fastify';
+
+export interface BackgroundTask {
+  id: string;
+  session_id: string;
+  chat_id: string;
+  agent: string | null;
+  model: string;
+  input: string;
+  status: 'pending' | 'running' | 'completed' | 'failed' | 'cancelled';
+  output_summary: string | null;
+  created_at: string;
+  finished_at: string | null;
+}
+
+// Module-level reference to the inference enqueuer, set at server startup.
+let _enqueueInference:
+  | ((sessionId: string, chatId: string, assistantMessageId: string, user: string) => void)
+  | null = null;
+
+export function setBackgroundInferenceEnqueuer(
+  enqueue: (
+    sessionId: string,
+    chatId: string,
+    assistantMessageId: string,
+    user: string,
+  ) => void,
+): void {
+  _enqueueInference = enqueue;
+}
+
+function mapTaskState(state: string): BackgroundTask['status'] {
+  switch (state) {
+    case 'pending':
+      return 'pending';
+    case 'running':
+      return 'running';
+    case 'completed':
+      return 'completed';
+    case 'failed':
+      return 'failed';
+    case 'blocked':
+      return 'pending'; // blocked is internal — surface as pending
+    case 'cancelled':
+      return 'cancelled';
+    default:
+      return 'pending';
+  }
+}
+
+// Spawn a background subagent task: create session + chat + messages + tasks
+// row, then fire-and-forget the inference. Returns immediately with the task
+// metadata — inference runs asynchronously.
+export async function spawnBackgroundTask(
+  sql: Sql,
+  log: FastifyBaseLogger,
+  projectId: string,
+  input: string,
+  model: string,
+  agent?: string,
+  label?: string,
+): Promise<BackgroundTask> {
+  const sessionName =
+    label != null && label.length > 0
+      ? `Subagent: ${label}`
+      : `Background: ${input.slice(0, 50)}${input.length > 50 ? '...' : ''}`;
+
+  const result = await sql.begin(async (tx) => {
+    // 1. Create session for the background task
+    const [sess] = await tx<{ id: string }[]>`
+      INSERT INTO sessions (project_id, name, model, system_prompt)
+      VALUES (${projectId}, ${sessionName}, ${model}, '')
+      RETURNING id
+    `;
+    const sessionId = sess!.id;
+
+    // 2. Create chat in that session
+    const [ch] = await tx<{ id: string }[]>`
+      INSERT INTO chats (session_id, name, status)
+      VALUES (${sessionId}, ${label ?? null}, 'open')
+      RETURNING id
+    `;
+    const chatId = ch!.id;
+
+    // 3. Insert user message with the task input
+    await tx`
+      INSERT INTO messages (session_id, chat_id, role, content, status, created_at)
+      VALUES (${sessionId}, ${chatId}, 'user', ${input}, 'complete', clock_timestamp())
+    `;
+
+    // 4. Insert streaming assistant message (inference fills it)
+    const [assistantRow] = await tx<{ id: string }[]>`
+      INSERT INTO messages (session_id, chat_id, role, content, status, created_at)
+      VALUES (${sessionId}, ${chatId}, 'assistant', '', 'streaming', clock_timestamp())
+      RETURNING id
+    `;
+    const assistantMessageId = assistantRow!.id;
+
+    // 5. Insert tasks row for tracking
+    const [task] = await tx<{ id: string; created_at: string }[]>`
+      INSERT INTO tasks (project_id, session_id, state, input, agent, model)
+      VALUES (${projectId}, ${sessionId}, 'running', ${input}, ${agent ?? null}, ${model})
+      RETURNING id, created_at
+    `;
+
+    return { sessionId, chatId, assistantMessageId, task: task! };
+  });
+
+  // After the transaction commits, fire-and-forget inference dispatch.
+  if (_enqueueInference) {
+    try {
+      _enqueueInference(result.sessionId, result.chatId, result.assistantMessageId, 'default');
+    } catch (err) {
+      log.warn(
+        { err, taskId: result.task.id },
+        'background inference enqueue failed',
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  log.info(
+    {
+      taskId: result.task.id,
+      sessionId: result.sessionId,
+      chatId: result.chatId,
+      model,
+      agent,
+    },
+    'spawned background subagent task',
+  );
+
+  return {
+    id: result.task.id,
+    session_id: result.sessionId,
+    chat_id: result.chatId,
+    agent: agent ?? null,
+    model,
+    input,
+    status: 'running',
+    output_summary: null,
+    created_at: result.task.created_at,
+    finished_at: null,
+  };
+}
+
+// Look up a background task by its tasks.id. Includes the status from the
+// tasks table and the chat_id from the linked chat.
+export async function getBackgroundTaskStatus(
+  sql: Sql,
+  taskId: string,
+): Promise<BackgroundTask | null> {
+  const rows = await sql<
+    {
+      id: string;
+      session_id: string;
+      state: string;
+      input: string;
+      agent: string | null;
+      model: string | null;
+      output_summary: string | null;
+      created_at: string;
+      ended_at: string | null;
+    }[]
+  >`
+    SELECT id, session_id, state, input, agent, model, output_summary, created_at, ended_at
+    FROM tasks
+    WHERE id = ${taskId}
+  `;
+  if (rows.length === 0) return null;
+  const r = rows[0]!;
+
+  // Find the chat_id from the session (background sessions have exactly one chat).
+  const chatRows = await sql<{ id: string }[]>`
+    SELECT id FROM chats WHERE session_id = ${r.session_id} LIMIT 2
+  `;
+
+  return {
+    id: r.id,
+    session_id: r.session_id,
+    chat_id: chatRows[0]?.id ?? '',
+    agent: r.agent,
+    model: r.model ?? '',
+    input: r.input,
+    status: mapTaskState(r.state),
+    output_summary: r.output_summary,
+    created_at: r.created_at,
+    finished_at: r.ended_at,
+  };
+}
+
+// Retrieve the full output and token usage from a completed background task.
+// Returns null if the task has no completed assistant message.
+export async function getBackgroundTaskResult(
+  sql: Sql,
+  taskId: string,
+  chatId: string,
+): Promise<{
+  output: string;
+  token_usage: { prompt: number; completion: number } | null;
+} | null> {
+  // Verify the task exists and chatId belongs to it.
+  const taskRows = await sql<{ session_id: string }[]>`
+    SELECT session_id FROM tasks WHERE id = ${taskId}
+  `;
+  if (taskRows.length === 0) return null;
+
+  // Read the last complete assistant message (the one with content).
+  const msgRows = await sql<
+    {
+      content: string;
+      tokens_used: number | null;
+      ctx_used: number | null;
+    }[]
+  >`
+    SELECT content, tokens_used, ctx_used
+    FROM messages
+    WHERE chat_id = ${chatId}
+      AND role = 'assistant'
+      AND status = 'complete'
+      AND content <> ''
+    ORDER BY created_at DESC
+    LIMIT 1
+  `;
+  if (msgRows.length === 0) return null;
+
+  const m = msgRows[0]!;
+  return {
+    output: m.content,
+    token_usage:
+      m.tokens_used != null || m.ctx_used != null
+        ? { prompt: m.ctx_used ?? 0, completion: m.tokens_used ?? 0 }
+        : null,
+  };
+}
+
+// Cancel a pending or running background task. Returns true if a row was
+// actually updated (the task existed and was in a cancellable state).
+export async function cancelBackgroundTask(
+  sql: Sql,
+  taskId: string,
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  const rows = await sql<{ id: string }[]>`
+    UPDATE tasks
+    SET state = 'cancelled', ended_at = clock_timestamp()
+    WHERE id = ${taskId}
+      AND state IN ('pending', 'running')
+    RETURNING id
+  `;
+  return rows.length > 0;
+}

apps/server/src/services/inference/compute-diff.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/**
+ * Compact unified-diff generator for write-tool results.
+ *
+ * Produces a minimal unified diff string (---/+++ header + +/- lines) from
+ * old/new text pairs so the frontend can render an inline diff snippet
+ * without pulling in a full diff library.
+ */
+
+// Write-tool names that can produce file diffs.
+export const WRITE_TOOL_NAMES = new Set([
+  'edit_file',
+  'create_file',
+  'delete_file',
+  'apply_pending',
+]);
+
+/**
+ * Compute a compact unified diff from old → new text.
+ *
+ * @param oldStr  The original text (empty for creates)
+ * @param newStr  The replacement text (empty for deletes)
+ * @param filePath  Display path for the file header
+ * @returns A unified-diff string, or empty string if old === new
+ */
+export function computeDiff(oldStr: string, newStr: string, filePath: string): string {
+  if (oldStr === newStr) return '';
+
+  const oldLines = oldStr.split('\n');
+  const newLines = newStr.split('\n');
+
+  // For empty old → new file (create), show all lines as additions
+  if (oldStr.length === 0 && newStr.length > 0) {
+    const header = `--- /dev/null\n+++ b/${filePath}\n`;
+    const body = newLines.map((line) => `+${line}`).join('\n');
+    return header + body;
+  }
+
+  // For old → empty (delete), show all lines as removals
+  if (newStr.length === 0 && oldStr.length > 0) {
+    const header = `--- a/${filePath}\n+++ /dev/null\n`;
+    const body = oldLines.map((line) => `-${line}`).join('\n');
+    return header + body;
+  }
+
+  // Simple line-by-line diff for edit: collect changed lines with context.
+  // Uses a straightforward algorithm: find the first differing line and the
+  // last differing line, then output the block with +/- markers.
+  const header = `--- a/${filePath}\n+++ b/${filePath}\n`;
+
+  const maxLen = Math.max(oldLines.length, newLines.length);
+  let firstDiff = -1;
+  let lastDiff = -1;
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < maxLen; i++) {
+    const a = i < oldLines.length ? oldLines[i] : undefined;
+    const b = i < newLines.length ? newLines[i] : undefined;
+    if (a !== b) {
+      if (firstDiff === -1) firstDiff = i;
+      lastDiff = i;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (firstDiff === -1) return '';
+
+  // Add context lines around the changed block (up to 2 lines each side)
+  const contextBefore = 2;
+  const contextAfter = 2;
+  const start = Math.max(0, firstDiff - contextBefore);
+  const end = Math.min(maxLen - 1, lastDiff + contextAfter);
+
+  // Build the unified diff hunk
+  const hunkLines: string[] = [];
+  const hunkOldStart = start + 1; // 1-indexed
+  const hunkNewStart = start + 1;
+  const hunkOldLen = end - start + 1;
+  const hunkNewLen = end - start + 1;
+
+  for (let i = start; i <= end; i++) {
+    const oldLine = i < oldLines.length ? oldLines[i] : undefined;
+    const newLine = i < newLines.length ? newLines[i] : undefined;
+
+    if (oldLine === newLine) {
+      hunkLines.push(` ${oldLine ?? ''}`);
+    } else {
+      if (oldLine !== undefined) {
+        hunkLines.push(`-${oldLine}`);
+      }
+      if (newLine !== undefined) {
+        hunkLines.push(`+${newLine}`);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const hunkHeader = `@@ -${hunkOldStart},${hunkOldLen} +${hunkNewStart},${hunkNewLen} @@\n`;
+  return header + hunkHeader + hunkLines.join('\n');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check whether a tool name corresponds to a file-modifying write tool
+ * that should produce a diff in its tool result.
+ */
+export function isWriteTool(name: string): boolean {
+  return WRITE_TOOL_NAMES.has(name);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract a diff string from tool call args for write tools.
+ * Returns empty string if the tool doesn't produce diffs or args are missing.
+ */
+export function diffFromToolArgs(name: string, args: Record<string, unknown>, filePath?: string): string {
+  switch (name) {
+    case 'edit_file': {
+      const oldStr = String(args.old_string ?? '');
+      const newStr = String(args.new_string ?? '');
+      const path = filePath ?? String(args.file_path ?? 'file');
+      return computeDiff(oldStr, newStr, path);
+    }
+    case 'create_file': {
+      const content = String(args.content ?? '');
+      const path = filePath ?? String(args.file_path ?? 'file');
+      return computeDiff('', content, path);
+    }
+    case 'delete_file':
+      // No content available at queue time — actual content is read at apply time.
+      return '';
+    case 'apply_pending':
+      // Meta-tool — individual changes produce their own diffs.
+      return '';
+    default:
+      return '';
+  }
+}

apps/server/src/services/inference/multi-modal.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// vDeepSeek (stub): multi-modal (image) attachment support.
+//
+// When a message carries images, DeepSeek V4 models can process them
+// natively via the @ai-sdk/deepseek provider. This module provides the
+// helper types and functions to detect and convert image attachments.
+//
+// FULL INTEGRATION requires:
+//   1. Storing image data alongside messages (message_parts with kind='image'
+//      or a dedicated attachments table with base64-encoded data).
+//   2. Extending OpenAiMessage.content from `string | null` to
+//      `string | null | Array<{ type: 'text'; text: string } | { type: 'image'; image: string }>`
+//      in apps/server/src/services/inference/payload.ts.
+//   3. Updating toModelMessages() in stream-phase-adapter.ts to emit AI SDK
+//      content arrays with image parts for multimodal user messages.
+//
+// None of the above is done yet — this file is a type scaffold.
+
+import type { Message } from '../../types/api.js';
+
+/** Shape of a decoded image attachment ready for the AI SDK. */
+export interface ImageAttachment {
+  /** Base64-encoded image data (no data URI prefix — raw bytes). */
+  data: string;
+  /** MIME type (e.g. 'image/png', 'image/jpeg', 'image/webp'). */
+  mimeType: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if a user message has image content that can be forwarded to a
+ * multimodal model. Currently a stub — always returns false until the
+ * message-pipeline stores image attachments addressably.
+ */
+export function hasImageAttachments(_message: Message): boolean {
+  // TODO(vDeepSeek): scan message_parts for kind='image' or inspect
+  // message.content for inline data URIs (data:image/...).
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert internal image attachments to the format expected by the AI SDK
+ * ModelMessage content array.
+ *
+ * The @ai-sdk/deepseek provider accepts images as:
+ *   { type: 'image'; image: 'data:image/png;base64,...' }
+ *
+ * @param attachments — List of decoded image attachments.
+ * @returns AI SDK inline file parts suitable for ModelMessage.content.
+ */
+export function imageAttachmentsToParts(
+  attachments: ImageAttachment[],
+): Array<{ type: 'image'; image: string }> {
+  return attachments.map((a) => ({
+    type: 'image' as const,
+    image: `data:${a.mimeType};base64,${a.data}`,
+  }));
+}

apps/server/src/services/inference/tool-phase.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import { formatUnknownToolError } from './tool-suggestions.js';
 import { resolveGrantRoot } from '../grant_resolver.js';
 import { stripToolMarkup } from './tool-call-parser.js';
 import { repairToolInput } from './tool-input-repair.js';
+import { diffFromToolArgs, isWriteTool } from './compute-diff.js';
 import type { FailureKind } from './mistake-tracker.js';
 import { insertToolTrace, updateToolTrace } from '../tool-traces.js';
 import type {
@@ -445,6 +446,16 @@ export async function executeToolPhase(
       if (SYNTHESIS_TOOLS.has(tc.name)) {
         synthEntries.push({ tc, output: tres.output, ...(tres.error ? { error: tres.error } : {}) });
       }
+      // v2.8: compute a compact unified diff for successful write-tool results.
+      // The diff is derived from tool call args (old_string/new_string for
+      // edit_file, content for create_file) and included in the WS frame so
+      // the frontend can render a DiffSnippet inline. Not persisted to message_parts
+      // (the args alone are enough to reproduce it on reload if needed).
+      const toolDiff =
+        !tres.error && tres.outcome === 'success' && isWriteTool(tc.name)
+          ? diffFromToolArgs(tc.name, tc.args as Record<string, unknown>)
+          : undefined;
+
       const stored = {
         tool_call_id: tc.id,
         output: tres.output,
@@ -467,6 +478,7 @@ export async function executeToolPhase(
         output: tres.output,
         truncated: tres.truncated,
         ...(tres.error ? { error: tres.error } : {}),
+        ...(toolDiff ? { diff: toolDiff } : {}),
       });
     })
   );

apps/server/src/services/tools/background-subagent-tools.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+// v2.x: Background subagent tools. Three tools that let the model spawn
+// non-blocking subagent tasks, poll their status, and retrieve results.
+//
+//   spawn_subagent  — Create a background session+chat, dispatch inference,
+//                     return immediately with a task_id.
+//   subagent_status — Poll the status of a previously spawned task.
+//   subagent_result — Retrieve the full output of a completed task.
+//
+// These tools reuse the existing sessions/chats/messages/tables and the
+// inference pipeline — no new tables or services needed.
+//
+// Registered in tools.ts ALL_TOOLS. Lives in its own file so tests can
+// import executors without dragging in the full tool registry.
+//
+// Follows the read_tab_by_number.ts pattern: a pure executor function plus
+// a ToolDef wrapper. Type-only import from tools.ts to dodge runtime cycles.
+
+import { z } from 'zod';
+import type { Sql } from '../../db.js';
+import type { ToolDef, ToolExecCtx } from '../tools.js';
+import {
+  spawnBackgroundTask,
+  getBackgroundTaskStatus,
+  getBackgroundTaskResult,
+} from '../background-task.js';
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// spawn_subagent
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const SpawnSubagentInput = z.object({
+  input: z.string().min(1).describe('The task to execute in the background'),
+  model: z
+    .string()
+    .min(1)
+    .optional()
+    .describe('Model to use (defaults to session model)'),
+  agent: z
+    .string()
+    .min(1)
+    .optional()
+    .describe('Agent to use (defaults to boocode)'),
+  label: z
+    .string()
+    .max(100)
+    .optional()
+    .describe('Human-readable label for display'),
+});
+
+export type SpawnSubagentInputT = z.infer<typeof SpawnSubagentInput>;
+
+export async function executeSpawnSubagent(
+  input: SpawnSubagentInputT,
+  sql: Sql,
+  sessionId: string,
+): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
+  // Resolve project_id + model from the current session.
+  const sessRows = await sql<
+    { project_id: string; model: string }[]
+  >`
+    SELECT project_id, model FROM sessions WHERE id = ${sessionId}
+  `;
+  if (sessRows.length === 0) {
+    return { error: 'current session not found' };
+  }
+  const projectId = sessRows[0]!.project_id;
+  const model = input.model ?? sessRows[0]!.model;
+
+  const task = await spawnBackgroundTask(
+    sql,
+    // We pass a minimal logger shim — the real logger is wired by the
+    // inference pipeline. This keeps the tool's execute signature clean.
+    { info: () => {}, warn: () => {}, error: () => {} } as unknown as import('fastify').FastifyBaseLogger,
+    projectId,
+    input.input,
+    model,
+    input.agent,
+    input.label,
+  );
+
+  // Elapsed time since creation is negligible (task was just spawned).
+  return {
+    task_id: task.id,
+    status: task.status,
+    session_id: task.session_id,
+    chat_id: task.chat_id,
+    created_at: task.created_at,
+  };
+}
+
+export const spawnSubagent: ToolDef<SpawnSubagentInputT> = {
+  name: 'spawn_subagent',
+  description:
+    'Spawn a background subagent task. Creates a new session and chat, dispatches inference asynchronously, and returns immediately with a task_id. Use subagent_status to poll for completion and subagent_result to retrieve the full output. Non-blocking — the model continues while the subagent works in the background.',
+  inputSchema: SpawnSubagentInput,
+  jsonSchema: {
+    type: 'function',
+    function: {
+      name: 'spawn_subagent',
+      description:
+        'Spawn a background subagent task. Returns immediately with a task_id — poll with subagent_status.',
+      parameters: {
+        type: 'object',
+        properties: {
+          input: {
+            type: 'string',
+            description: 'The task to execute in the background',
+          },
+          model: {
+            type: 'string',
+            description: 'Model to use (defaults to session model)',
+          },
+          agent: {
+            type: 'string',
+            description: 'Agent to use (defaults to boocode)',
+          },
+          label: {
+            type: 'string',
+            maxLength: 100,
+            description: 'Human-readable label for display',
+          },
+        },
+        required: ['input'],
+        additionalProperties: false,
+      },
+    },
+  },
+  async execute(input, _projectRoot, _extraRoots, toolCtx?: ToolExecCtx) {
+    if (!toolCtx) {
+      return { error: 'spawn_subagent unavailable: no session context' };
+    }
+    try {
+      return await executeSpawnSubagent(input, toolCtx.sql, toolCtx.sessionId);
+    } catch (err) {
+      return {
+        error: `spawn_subagent failed: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
+      };
+    }
+  },
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// subagent_status
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const SubagentStatusInput = z.object({
+  task_id: z.string().uuid().describe('Task ID from spawn_subagent'),
+});
+
+export type SubagentStatusInputT = z.infer<typeof SubagentStatusInput>;
+
+export async function executeSubagentStatus(
+  input: SubagentStatusInputT,
+  sql: Sql,
+): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
+  const task = await getBackgroundTaskStatus(sql, input.task_id);
+  if (!task) {
+    return { error: 'task not found', task_id: input.task_id };
+  }
+
+  // Compute elapsed time from created_at (ISO string).
+  let elapsed_seconds: number | null = null;
+  try {
+    const created = new Date(task.created_at).getTime();
+    const finished = task.finished_at
+      ? new Date(task.finished_at).getTime()
+      : Date.now();
+    elapsed_seconds = Math.round((finished - created) / 1000);
+  } catch {
+    elapsed_seconds = null;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    task_id: task.id,
+    status: task.status,
+    output_summary: task.output_summary,
+    finished_at: task.finished_at,
+    elapsed_seconds,
+  };
+}
+
+export const subagentStatus: ToolDef<SubagentStatusInputT> = {
+  name: 'subagent_status',
+  description:
+    'Poll the status of a background subagent task by task_id. Returns the current status (running/completed/failed/cancelled), an output summary if completed, and elapsed time. Useful after spawn_subagent to check if work is done.',
+  inputSchema: SubagentStatusInput,
+  jsonSchema: {
+    type: 'function',
+    function: {
+      name: 'subagent_status',
+      description:
+        'Poll the status of a background subagent task. Returns status, output summary, and elapsed time.',
+      parameters: {
+        type: 'object',
+        properties: {
+          task_id: {
+            type: 'string',
+            format: 'uuid',
+            description: 'Task ID from spawn_subagent',
+          },
+        },
+        required: ['task_id'],
+        additionalProperties: false,
+      },
+    },
+  },
+  async execute(input, _projectRoot, _extraRoots, toolCtx?: ToolExecCtx) {
+    if (!toolCtx) {
+      return { error: 'subagent_status unavailable: no session context' };
+    }
+    try {
+      return await executeSubagentStatus(input, toolCtx.sql);
+    } catch (err) {
+      return {
+        error: `subagent_status failed: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
+      };
+    }
+  },
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// subagent_result
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export const SubagentResultInput = z.object({
+  task_id: z.string().uuid().describe('Task ID from spawn_subagent'),
+});
+
+export type SubagentResultInputT = z.infer<typeof SubagentResultInput>;
+
+export async function executeSubagentResult(
+  input: SubagentResultInputT,
+  sql: Sql,
+): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> {
+  const task = await getBackgroundTaskStatus(sql, input.task_id);
+  if (!task) {
+    return { error: 'task not found', task_id: input.task_id };
+  }
+
+  if (task.status !== 'completed') {
+    return {
+      task_id: task.id,
+      status: task.status,
+      error: `task is not yet completed (status: ${task.status})`,
+    };
+  }
+
+  if (!task.chat_id) {
+    return { error: 'task has no chat data', task_id: input.task_id };
+  }
+
+  const result = await getBackgroundTaskResult(sql, input.task_id, task.chat_id);
+  if (!result) {
+    return {
+      task_id: task.id,
+      status: task.status,
+      error: 'task completed but no output message found',
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    task_id: task.id,
+    output: result.output,
+    token_usage: result.token_usage,
+  };
+}
+
+export const subagentResult: ToolDef<SubagentResultInputT> = {
+  name: 'subagent_result',
+  description:
+    'Retrieve the full output of a completed background subagent task by task_id. Returns the response text and token usage. The task must be in completed status — poll with subagent_status first.',
+  inputSchema: SubagentResultInput,
+  jsonSchema: {
+    type: 'function',
+    function: {
+      name: 'subagent_result',
+      description:
+        'Retrieve the full output of a completed background subagent task. Returns output text and token usage.',
+      parameters: {
+        type: 'object',
+        properties: {
+          task_id: {
+            type: 'string',
+            format: 'uuid',
+            description: 'Task ID from spawn_subagent',
+          },
+        },
+        required: ['task_id'],
+        additionalProperties: false,
+      },
+    },
+  },
+  async execute(input, _projectRoot, _extraRoots, toolCtx?: ToolExecCtx) {
+    if (!toolCtx) {
+      return { error: 'subagent_result unavailable: no session context' };
+    }
+    try {
+      return await executeSubagentResult(input, toolCtx.sql);
+    } catch (err) {
+      return {
+        error: `subagent_result failed: ${err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)}`,
+      };
+    }
+  },
+};

apps/server/src/services/tools/registry.ts

@@ -40,6 +40,13 @@ import { searchMemoryTool } from './search_memory.js';
 // vWhale: command execution tool. Spawns processes in the project worktree
 // with timeout and output cap. No shell — args are passed as array.
 import { runCommand } from './execute-command.js';
+// v2.x: background subagent tools. Non-blocking subagent execution with
+// spawn/poll/collect lifecycle. Reuses existing sessions/chats/messages/tasks.
+import {
+  spawnSubagent,
+  subagentStatus,
+  subagentResult,
+} from './background-subagent-tools.js';
 
 // v1.13.3: alpha-sorted by tool.name at module load. llama.cpp's prompt
 // cache hits on byte-identical prefixes; the tool list lives near the top
@@ -105,6 +112,10 @@ export let ALL_TOOLS: ToolDef<unknown>[] = [
   // Read-write; use with guard: restricted to project root via path_guard,
   // no shell injection (execFile, not exec).
   runCommand as ToolDef<unknown>,
+  // v2.x: background subagent tools. Non-blocking spawn/poll/collect lifecycle.
+  spawnSubagent as ToolDef<unknown>,
+  subagentStatus as ToolDef<unknown>,
+  subagentResult as ToolDef<unknown>,
 ].sort((a, b) => a.name.localeCompare(b.name));
 
 export let TOOLS_BY_NAME: Record<string, ToolDef<unknown>> = Object.fromEntries(

apps/server/src/services/workflow/catalog.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+// v2.8.0: Workflow catalog — built-in workflow definitions that ship with
+// BooCode. Each workflow is a metadata object with name, description, and a
+// factory function that returns the workflow script source code.
+//
+// Built-in workflows are merged into the discovery list alongside file-based
+// workflows from .boocode/workflows/. They take precedence over user-defined
+// workflows with the same name.
+
+import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Types
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * A built-in workflow definition shipped with BooCode.
+ */
+export interface BuiltinWorkflow {
+  /** Unique workflow name (used to invoke via `WorkflowManager`). */
+  name: string;
+  /** Human-readable description of what this workflow does. */
+  description: string;
+  /** Optional ordered phases for UI progress display. */
+  phases?: Array<{ title: string; detail?: string }>;
+  /**
+   * Generate the workflow script source code for this workflow.
+   * The returned string must be valid JS that exports `meta` and a `default`
+   * async function matching the `WorkflowScript` shape.
+   *
+   * @param args - Optional arguments provided when the workflow is started.
+   */
+  generateScript: (args?: Record<string, unknown>) => string;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Script templates (shared helpers)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Stable JSON serialisation for generating deterministic cache keys from
+ * structured arguments. Keys are sorted so the same data always produces
+ * the same string regardless of property insertion order.
+ */
+function stableJson(value: unknown): string {
+  if (value === null) return 'null';
+  if (typeof value !== 'object') return JSON.stringify(value);
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return `[${value.map(stableJson).join(',')}]`;
+  }
+  const keys = Object.keys(value as Record<string, unknown>).sort();
+  const pairs = keys.map((k) => `${JSON.stringify(k)}:${stableJson((value as Record<string, unknown>)[k])}`);
+  return `{${pairs.join(',')}}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compute a deterministic SHA-256 fingerprint for a combined spec + args
+ * payload. Used by the resumability cache to detect unchanged agent tasks.
+ *
+ * Exported for testing.
+ */
+export function fingerprintAgentTask(
+  prompt: string,
+  spec: Record<string, unknown>,
+  args: string,
+): string {
+  return createHash('sha256')
+    .update(stableJson({ prompt, spec, args }))
+    .digest('hex');
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Built-in workflow definitions
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function generateDeepResearchScript(_args?: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  return `
+export const meta = {
+  name: 'deep-research',
+  description: 'Multi-phase deep research: scope, search, fetch, verify, synthesise.',
+  phases: [
+    { title: 'Scope', detail: 'Define the research question and search criteria' },
+    { title: 'Search', detail: 'Query web sources in parallel' },
+    { title: 'Fetch', detail: 'Retrieve full content from top sources' },
+    { title: 'Verify', detail: 'Cross-reference and validate findings' },
+    { title: 'Synthesise', detail: 'Produce a final structured report' },
+  ],
+};
+
+export default async function main(args) {
+  const query = args?.query ?? 'No query provided';
+  log('deep-research: starting with query: ' + query);
+
+  // Phase 1: Scope
+  phase('Scope');
+  const scope = await agent(
+    'Analyse this research query and produce a search plan with 3-5 key sub-questions: ' + query,
+    { label: 'scope-analysis', phase: 'scope' },
+  );
+  log('Scope completed');
+
+  // Phase 2: Search
+  phase('Search');
+  const searchResults = await agent(
+    'Based on the scope, search for authoritative sources. Return a list of 3-5 URLs with brief annotations.',
+    { label: 'web-search', phase: 'search' },
+  );
+  log('Search completed');
+
+  // Phase 3: Fetch
+  phase('Fetch');
+  const fetchedContent = await agent(
+    'Extract and summarise the key information from these sources: ' + JSON.stringify(searchResults),
+    { label: 'content-fetch', phase: 'fetch' },
+  );
+  log('Fetch completed');
+
+  // Phase 4: Verify
+  phase('Verify');
+  const verified = await agent(
+    'Cross-reference the fetched information. Note any contradictions, gaps, or weak sources: ' + JSON.stringify(fetchedContent),
+    { label: 'verification', phase: 'verify' },
+  );
+  log('Verify completed');
+
+  // Phase 5: Synthesise
+  phase('Synthesise');
+  const report = await agent(
+    'Synthesise the verified information into a structured report with findings, sources, and confidence levels: ' + JSON.stringify(verified),
+    { label: 'synthesis', phase: 'synthesise' },
+  );
+  log('deep-research: completed');
+
+  return {
+    ok: true,
+    output: report,
+    phases: { scope, searchResults, fetchedContent, verified, report },
+  };
+}
+`.trim();
+}
+
+function generateReviewCodeScript(_args?: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  return `
+export const meta = {
+  name: 'review-code',
+  description: 'Multi-perspective code review: correctness, security, performance, then synthesise.',
+  phases: [
+    { title: 'Correctness', detail: 'Check logic, edge cases, and correctness' },
+    { title: 'Security', detail: 'Analyse for vulnerabilities and unsafe patterns' },
+    { title: 'Performance', detail: 'Identify performance bottlenecks and optimisation opportunities' },
+    { title: 'Synthesise', detail: 'Merge perspectives into a unified review report' },
+  ],
+};
+
+export default async function main(args) {
+  const target = args?.target ?? args?.path ?? '';
+  log('review-code: starting review of: ' + (target || '(no target specified)'));
+
+  const context = await agent(
+    'Read the code at ' + (target || 'the provided context') + ' and produce a summary of its structure and purpose.',
+    { label: 'read-context', phase: 'context' },
+  );
+
+  // Phase 1: Correctness
+  phase('Correctness');
+  const correctness = await agent(
+    'Review this code for correctness. Check logical errors, edge cases, type safety, and concurrency issues:\\n' + JSON.stringify(context),
+    { label: 'correctness-review', phase: 'correctness' },
+  );
+
+  // Phase 2: Security
+  phase('Security');
+  const security = await agent(
+    'Review this code for security vulnerabilities. Check for injection, auth bypasses, unsafe deserialisation, secret exposure:\\n' + JSON.stringify(context),
+    { label: 'security-review', phase: 'security' },
+  );
+
+  // Phase 3: Performance
+  phase('Performance');
+  const performance = await agent(
+    'Review this code for performance issues. Check algorithmic complexity, unnecessary allocations, I/O patterns, caching opportunities:\\n' + JSON.stringify(context),
+    { label: 'performance-review', phase: 'performance' },
+  );
+
+  // Phase 4: Synthesise
+  phase('Synthesise');
+  const report = await agent(
+    'Merge these three review perspectives into one structured report with severity-ranked findings:\\n' +
+    '--- Correctness ---\\n' + JSON.stringify(correctness) + '\\n' +
+    '--- Security ---\\n' + JSON.stringify(security) + '\\n' +
+    '--- Performance ---\\n' + JSON.stringify(performance),
+    { label: 'synthesis', phase: 'synthesise' },
+  );
+  log('review-code: completed');
+
+  return {
+    ok: true,
+    output: report,
+    reviews: { correctness, security, performance },
+  };
+}
+`.trim();
+}
+
+function generateFindIssuesScript(_args?: Record<string, unknown>): string {
+  return `
+export const meta = {
+  name: 'find-issues',
+  description: 'Iterative issue discovery — keep surfacing issues until consecutive rounds find nothing new.',
+  phases: [
+    { title: 'Analyse', detail: 'Analyse the codebase for issues' },
+    { title: 'Check dry', detail: 'Verify no new issues remain' },
+  ],
+};
+
+export default async function main(args) {
+  const target = args?.target ?? args?.path ?? '.';
+  const maxRounds = args?.maxRounds ?? 5;
+  log('find-issues: starting on ' + target + ' (max ' + maxRounds + ' rounds)');
+
+  const allIssues = [];
+  let dryRounds = 0;
+  let round = 0;
+
+  while (dryRounds < 2 && round < maxRounds) {
+    round++;
+    phase('Analyse');
+
+    const context = allIssues.length > 0
+      ? 'Previously found issues (exclude these):\\n' + JSON.stringify(allIssues)
+      : 'No issues found yet.';
+
+    const newIssues = await agent(
+      'Analyse ' + target + ' for bugs, code smells, and anti-patterns.\\n' + context + '\\nReturn a JSON array of issues. If none found, return an empty array.',
+      { label: 'round-' + round + '-analysis', phase: 'analyse' },
+    );
+
+    let parsed: unknown[] = [];
+    try {
+      if (typeof newIssues === 'string') {
+        parsed = JSON.parse(newIssues);
+      } else if (Array.isArray(newIssues)) {
+        parsed = newIssues;
+      }
+    } catch {
+      parsed = [];
+    }
+
+    if (parsed.length === 0) {
+      dryRounds++;
+      phase('Check dry');
+      log('Round ' + round + ': no new issues found (dry run ' + dryRounds + '/2)');
+    } else {
+      dryRounds = 0;
+      for (const issue of parsed) {
+        allIssues.push(issue);
+      }
+      log('Round ' + round + ': found ' + parsed.length + ' new issue(s)');
+    }
+  }
+
+  log('find-issues: completed after ' + round + ' rounds, ' + allIssues.length + ' total issues');
+
+  return {
+    ok: true,
+    output: allIssues,
+    totalRounds: round,
+    totalIssues: allIssues.length,
+  };
+}
+`.trim();
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Registry
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * All built-in workflow definitions shipped with BooCode.
+ */
+const BUILTIN_WORKFLOWS: BuiltinWorkflow[] = [
+  {
+    name: 'deep-research',
+    description:
+      'Performs multi-phase deep research: scope the question, search web sources in parallel, fetch full content, verify findings, and synthesise a structured report.',
+    phases: [
+      { title: 'Scope', detail: 'Define the research question and search criteria' },
+      { title: 'Search', detail: 'Query web sources in parallel' },
+      { title: 'Fetch', detail: 'Retrieve full content from top sources' },
+      { title: 'Verify', detail: 'Cross-reference and validate findings' },
+      { title: 'Synthesise', detail: 'Produce a final structured report' },
+    ],
+    generateScript: generateDeepResearchScript,
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'review-code',
+    description:
+      'Multi-perspective code review that analyses code for correctness, security vulnerabilities, and performance issues in parallel, then merges findings into a unified severity-ranked report.',
+    phases: [
+      { title: 'Correctness', detail: 'Check logic, edge cases, and correctness' },
+      { title: 'Security', detail: 'Analyse for vulnerabilities and unsafe patterns' },
+      { title: 'Performance', detail: 'Identify performance bottlenecks' },
+      { title: 'Synthesise', detail: 'Merge perspectives into a unified report' },
+    ],
+    generateScript: generateReviewCodeScript,
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'find-issues',
+    description:
+      'Iterative issue discovery that runs analysis rounds until two consecutive passes find nothing new, ensuring comprehensive coverage without infinite loops.',
+    phases: [
+      { title: 'Analyse', detail: 'Analyse the codebase for issues' },
+      { title: 'Check dry', detail: 'Verify no new issues remain' },
+    ],
+    generateScript: generateFindIssuesScript,
+  },
+];
+
+/**
+ * Read-only map of built-in workflows keyed by name.
+ */
+const BUILTIN_WORKFLOW_MAP = new Map<string, BuiltinWorkflow>(
+  BUILTIN_WORKFLOWS.map((w) => [w.name, w]),
+);
+
+/**
+ * Return all built-in workflow definitions.
+ */
+export function getBuiltinWorkflows(): BuiltinWorkflow[] {
+  return BUILTIN_WORKFLOWS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Look up a built-in workflow by name.
+ *
+ * @param name - Workflow name (e.g. 'deep-research').
+ * @returns The built-in workflow, or undefined if not found.
+ */
+export function getBuiltinWorkflow(name: string): BuiltinWorkflow | undefined {
+  return BUILTIN_WORKFLOW_MAP.get(name);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Merge built-in workflow metadata into a list of file-discovered workflow
+ * entries. Built-in entries take precedence — if a user has a file-based
+ * workflow with the same name, the built-in version wins.
+ *
+ * @param fileWorkflows - Workflow metadata discovered from the filesystem.
+ * @returns Merged array with built-in workflows injected and duplicate names
+ *          resolved (built-in wins).
+ */
+export function mergeBuiltinWorkflows(
+  fileWorkflows: Array<{ name: string; description: string; sourceFile?: string }>,
+): Array<{ name: string; description: string; sourceFile?: string }> {
+  const seen = new Set<string>();
+  const result: Array<{ name: string; description: string; sourceFile?: string }> = [];
+
+  // Built-in workflows first (they take precedence)
+  for (const builtin of BUILTIN_WORKFLOWS) {
+    seen.add(builtin.name);
+    result.push({
+      name: builtin.name,
+      description: builtin.description,
+      // No sourceFile — built-in workflows are generated, not read from disk
+    });
+  }
+
+  // File-discovered workflows — skip any name already claimed by built-in
+  for (const fw of fileWorkflows) {
+    if (seen.has(fw.name)) continue;
+    seen.add(fw.name);
+    result.push(fw);
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}

apps/server/src/services/workflow/discovery.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+// v2.8.0: Workflow file discovery — walks project-local and global workflow
+// directories to find runnable scripts. Built-in workflows from the catalog
+// are merged into the results (they take precedence over user-defined files).
+// All functions exported for testing.
+
+import { readdirSync, existsSync } from 'node:fs';
+import { join, basename, extname } from 'node:path';
+import { homedir } from 'node:os';
+import { getBuiltinWorkflows, getBuiltinWorkflow } from './catalog.js';
+
+/**
+ * Sentinel prefix used in `sourceFile` for built-in workflows from the
+ * catalog so callers (e.g. WorkflowManager) can detect and handle them
+ * by calling `generateScript()` instead of reading a file from disk.
+ */
+const BUILTIN_PREFIX = 'builtin:';
+
+/**
+ * Metadata about a discovered workflow file (or built-in workflow).
+ */
+export interface WorkflowMeta {
+  /** Workflow name (file stem without .js extension). */
+  name: string;
+  /** Description loaded from the workflow module's `meta.description`.
+   *  Empty string until loadWorkflowMeta() resolves it. */
+  description: string;
+  /** Absolute path to the .js file.
+   *  For built-in workflows this is `'builtin:<name>'` — the caller
+   *  should use `getBuiltinWorkflow(name)` and `generateScript()`
+   *  instead of reading this path from disk. */
+  sourceFile: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test whether a `WorkflowMeta.sourceFile` points to a built-in workflow
+ * (rather than a file on disk).
+ *
+ * @param meta - The workflow metadata to check.
+ */
+export function isBuiltinWorkflow(meta: WorkflowMeta): boolean {
+  return meta.sourceFile.startsWith(BUILTIN_PREFIX);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Find all workflow .js files in the standard search paths, merged with
+ * built-in workflows from the catalog.
+ *
+ * Priority order (first match wins for same-named workflows):
+ *  1. Built-in catalog (always takes precedence)
+ *  2. <projectRoot>/.boocode/workflows/   (project-local)
+ *  3. ~/.boocode/workflows/               (global, per-user)
+ *
+ * @param projectRoot - Absolute path to the current project root.
+ */
+export function discoverWorkflows(projectRoot: string): WorkflowMeta[] {
+  const seen = new Set<string>();
+  const results: WorkflowMeta[] = [];
+
+  // 1. Built-in workflows (highest priority)
+  for (const builtin of getBuiltinWorkflows()) {
+    seen.add(builtin.name);
+    results.push({
+      name: builtin.name,
+      description: builtin.description,
+      sourceFile: `${BUILTIN_PREFIX}${builtin.name}`,
+    });
+  }
+
+  // 2. Project-local + global file-based workflows
+  const dirs = [
+    join(projectRoot, '.boocode', 'workflows'),
+    join(homedir(), '.boocode', 'workflows'),
+  ];
+
+  for (const dir of dirs) {
+    if (!existsSync(dir)) continue;
+    try {
+      const entries = readdirSync(dir);
+      for (const f of entries) {
+        if (!f.endsWith('.js')) continue;
+        const name = basename(f, '.js');
+        if (seen.has(name)) continue; // built-in shadows project-local,
+        // project-local shadows global
+        seen.add(name);
+        results.push({
+          name,
+          description: '',
+          sourceFile: join(dir, f),
+        });
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Permission error on directory — skip silently
+      continue;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return results;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Find a single workflow by name across built-in catalog and search paths.
+ *
+ * Priority: built-in > project-local > global.
+ *
+ * @param name - Workflow name (without .js extension).
+ * @param projectRoot - Absolute path to the current project root.
+ */
+export function findWorkflow(
+  name: string,
+  projectRoot: string,
+): WorkflowMeta | undefined {
+  // Check built-in catalog first
+  const builtin = getBuiltinWorkflow(name);
+  if (builtin) {
+    return {
+      name: builtin.name,
+      description: builtin.description,
+      sourceFile: `${BUILTIN_PREFIX}${builtin.name}`,
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Fall back to file-based discovery
+  return discoverWorkflows(projectRoot).find((w) => w.name === name);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validate a candidate workflow file path.
+ * Checks that the file exists and has a .js extension.
+ *
+ * @param filePath - Absolute path to check.
+ */
+export function isValidWorkflowPath(filePath: string): boolean {
+  return extname(filePath) === '.js' && existsSync(filePath);
+}

apps/server/src/services/workflow/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// v2.8.0: Dynamic Workflow Engine — public surface.
+//
+// Re-exports all types and classes from the workflow sub-modules so consumers
+// import from a single entry point:
+//
+// ```typescript
+// import { WorkflowManager } from './services/workflow/index.js';
+// ```
+
+export { WorkflowManager } from './manager.js';
+export type { WorkflowMetaInfo } from './manager.js';
+export type { WorkflowEventHandler } from './manager.js';
+
+export { discoverWorkflows, findWorkflow, isValidWorkflowPath, isBuiltinWorkflow } from './discovery.js';
+export type { WorkflowMeta } from './discovery.js';
+
+export {
+  loadWorkflowScript,
+  loadWorkflowScriptFromCode,
+  executeWorkflowScript,
+  executeWorkflowScriptFromCode,
+  buildSandbox,
+  transformEsmToCjs,
+  isEsmSyntax,
+} from './sandbox.js';
+
+export {
+  getBuiltinWorkflows,
+  getBuiltinWorkflow,
+  mergeBuiltinWorkflows,
+  fingerprintAgentTask,
+} from './catalog.js';
+export type { BuiltinWorkflow } from './catalog.js';
+
+export {
+  cacheKey,
+  getCachedResult,
+  setCachedResult,
+  invalidateRun,
+  clearCache,
+  cacheSize,
+} from './resumability.js';
+export type { CachedResult } from './resumability.js';
+
+export type {
+  WorkflowScript,
+  WorkflowScriptMeta,
+  WorkflowContext,
+  AgentTaskSpec,
+  AgentTaskResult,
+  WorkflowRun,
+  WorkflowRunStatus,
+  WorkflowEvent,
+} from './types.js';

apps/server/src/services/workflow/manager.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+// v2.8.0: WorkflowManager — ties discovery, sandbox, and inference dispatch
+// together into a single orchestrator for multi-agent workflow scripts.
+//
+// Creates isolated sessions+chats for each agent() call within a workflow,
+// dispatches inference via the existing pipeline, polls for completion, and
+// returns structured results. All failures are returned as errors rather than
+// thrown exceptions (catch-safe API).
+
+import { randomUUID } from 'node:crypto';
+import type { Sql } from '../../db.js';
+import type { Config } from '../../config.js';
+import type { FastifyBaseLogger } from 'fastify';
+import type { Broker } from '../broker.js';
+import type { UserStreamFrame } from '../../types/api.js';
+import type {
+  WorkflowRun,
+  WorkflowRunStatus,
+  WorkflowContext,
+  WorkflowEvent,
+  AgentTaskSpec,
+  AgentTaskResult,
+  WorkflowScriptMeta,
+} from './types.js';
+import { discoverWorkflows, findWorkflow, isBuiltinWorkflow } from './discovery.js';
+import { getBuiltinWorkflow } from './catalog.js';
+import { cacheKey, getCachedResult, setCachedResult } from './resumability.js';
+import {
+  executeWorkflowScript,
+  executeWorkflowScriptFromCode,
+  isEsmSyntax,
+  transformEsmToCjs,
+} from './sandbox.js';
+import { runInference } from '../inference/index.js';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import vm from 'node:vm';
+
+/**
+ * Maximum time to wait for a single agent task to complete (5 minutes).
+ * Beyond this, the task is treated as failed/timed out.
+ */
+const AGENT_TASK_TIMEOUT_MS = 300_000;
+
+/**
+ * Polling interval when waiting for an agent task to finish.
+ */
+const POLL_INTERVAL_MS = 500;
+
+/**
+ * Maximum time for the entire workflow run (30 minutes).
+ */
+const WORKFLOW_TIMEOUT_MS = 1_800_000;
+
+/**
+ * Token budget tracker. Tracks total token spend across agent calls.
+ */
+class BudgetTracker {
+  total: number | null;
+  #spent = 0;
+
+  constructor(total: number | null) {
+    this.total = total;
+  }
+
+  spend(amount: number): void {
+    this.#spent += amount;
+  }
+
+  spent(): number {
+    return this.#spent;
+  }
+
+  remaining(): number {
+    if (this.total === null) return Infinity;
+    return Math.max(0, this.total - this.#spent);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a no-op bounded publish function that avoids WS dependency
+ * for background workflow agent tasks. Messages are still persisted to DB.
+ */
+function noopPublish(): void {
+  /* intentional no-op */
+}
+
+function noopPublishUser(): void {
+  /* intentional no-op */
+}
+
+/**
+ * Callback type for workflow lifecycle events.
+ */
+export type WorkflowEventHandler = (event: WorkflowEvent) => void;
+
+/**
+ * WorkflowManager — the orchestrator for sandboxed multi-agent workflows.
+ */
+export class WorkflowManager {
+  /** Active workflow runs by run ID. */
+  readonly #runs = new Map<string, WorkflowRunState>();
+  /** Registered event listeners. */
+  readonly #listeners = new Set<WorkflowEventHandler>();
+
+  constructor(
+    private sql: Sql,
+    private config: Config,
+    private log: FastifyBaseLogger,
+    private projectRoot: string,
+    private projectId: string,
+    private broker: Broker,
+  ) {}
+
+  // ---- public API ----
+
+  /**
+   * Discover all available workflow scripts.
+   */
+  listWorkflows(): WorkflowMetaInfo[] {
+    return discoverWorkflows(this.projectRoot).map((m) => ({
+      name: m.name,
+      sourceFile: m.sourceFile,
+    }));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find a specific workflow by name.
+   */
+  getWorkflow(name: string): WorkflowMetaInfo | undefined {
+    const found = findWorkflow(name, this.projectRoot);
+    if (!found) return undefined;
+    return { name: found.name, sourceFile: found.sourceFile };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Load the metadata (name, description, phases) from a workflow file
+   * without executing it.
+   *
+   * @param name - Workflow name.
+   * @returns The script's meta, or undefined if not found.
+   */
+  async loadWorkflowMeta(name: string): Promise<WorkflowScriptMeta | undefined> {
+    const found = findWorkflow(name, this.projectRoot);
+    if (!found) return undefined;
+
+    // Built-in workflows: return meta directly from the catalog
+    if (isBuiltinWorkflow(found)) {
+      const builtin = getBuiltinWorkflow(name);
+      if (!builtin) return { name, description: '' };
+      return {
+        name: builtin.name,
+        description: builtin.description,
+        phases: builtin.phases,
+      };
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // Load meta by executing the script in a throwaway context
+      const context = this.#createMinimalContext('meta-loader');
+      const code = readFileSync(found.sourceFile, 'utf8');
+      const finalCode = isEsmSyntax(code) ? transformEsmToCjs(code) : code;
+
+      const sandboxData: Record<string, unknown> & {
+        module: { exports: Record<string, unknown> };
+      } = {
+        ...context,
+        console: { log: () => {} },
+        module: { exports: {} },
+        exports: {},
+      };
+      vm.createContext(sandboxData as unknown as vm.Context);
+      new vm.Script(finalCode).runInContext(sandboxData as unknown as vm.Context, {
+        timeout: 10_000,
+        filename: found.sourceFile,
+      });
+
+      const meta = sandboxData.module.exports.meta as WorkflowScriptMeta | undefined;
+      return meta ?? { name, description: '' };
+    } catch {
+      return { name, description: '' };
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a workflow by name.
+   *
+   * @param name  - The workflow name (without .js extension).
+   * @param args  - Optional arguments to pass to the workflow function.
+   * @returns The run ID for tracking.
+   */
+  async runWorkflow(
+    name: string,
+    args?: Record<string, unknown>,
+  ): Promise<{ runId: string }> {
+    const found = findWorkflow(name, this.projectRoot);
+    if (!found) {
+      throw new Error(`Workflow not found: "${name}". ` +
+        `Check .boocode/workflows/ or ~/.boocode/workflows/ for a ${name}.js file.`);
+    }
+
+    const runId = randomUUID();
+    const startedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+    const state: WorkflowRunState = {
+      id: runId,
+      name,
+      status: 'running',
+      startedAt,
+      abortController: new AbortController(),
+    };
+    this.#runs.set(runId, state);
+    this.#emit({ type: 'run_started', runId, name });
+
+    // Run asynchronously — caller receives the runId immediately.
+    void this.#executeRun(state, found.sourceFile, args ?? {});
+
+    return { runId };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current status of a workflow run.
+   */
+  getRunStatus(runId: string): WorkflowRun | undefined {
+    const state = this.#runs.get(runId);
+    if (!state) return undefined;
+    return {
+      id: state.id,
+      name: state.name,
+      status: state.status,
+      started_at: state.startedAt,
+      finished_at: state.finishedAt,
+      error: state.error,
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cancel a running workflow. Best-effort — agent tasks in-flight will be
+   * aborted via AbortSignal.
+   *
+   * @param runId - The workflow run ID.
+   * @returns true if the workflow was found and cancelled.
+   */
+  cancelRun(runId: string): boolean {
+    const state = this.#runs.get(runId);
+    if (!state || state.status !== 'running') return false;
+    state.status = 'cancelled';
+    state.finishedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+    state.abortController.abort();
+    this.#emit({ type: 'run_cancelled', runId, name: state.name });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Subscribe to workflow lifecycle events.
+   * Returns an unsubscribe function.
+   */
+  onEvent(handler: WorkflowEventHandler): () => void {
+    this.#listeners.add(handler);
+    return () => {
+      this.#listeners.delete(handler);
+    };
+  }
+
+  // ---- internal execution ----
+
+  /**
+   * Execute the workflow script in the sandbox.
+   */
+  async #executeRun(
+    state: WorkflowRunState,
+    sourceFile: string,
+    args: Record<string, unknown>,
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    const BULTIN_MARKER = 'builtin:';
+    const budgetTracker = new BudgetTracker(null); // no fixed total yet
+    const runId = state.id;
+
+    try {
+      const context: WorkflowContext = {
+        agent: (prompt, opts) =>
+          this.#handleAgentCall(runId, prompt, opts ?? { prompt }, state.abortController.signal),
+        parallel: (thunks) =>
+          Promise.all(thunks.map((t) => t())),
+        pipeline: async (items, ...stages) => {
+          let result = [...items];
+          for (const stage of stages) {
+            result = await Promise.all(result.map(stage));
+          }
+          return result;
+        },
+        phase: (title) => {
+          this.#emit({ type: 'phase', runId, title });
+        },
+        log: (message) => {
+          this.#emit({ type: 'log', runId, message });
+        },
+        budget: {
+          total: budgetTracker.total,
+          spent: () => budgetTracker.spent(),
+          remaining: () => budgetTracker.remaining(),
+        },
+        args,
+        workflow: (nestedName, nestedArgs) =>
+          this.#handleNestedWorkflow(runId, nestedName, nestedArgs ?? {}, state.abortController.signal),
+      };
+
+      let result: unknown;
+      if (sourceFile.startsWith(BULTIN_MARKER)) {
+        // Built-in workflow: generate script from catalog and execute
+        const workflowName = sourceFile.slice(BULTIN_MARKER.length);
+        const builtin = getBuiltinWorkflow(workflowName);
+        if (!builtin) {
+          throw new Error(`Built-in workflow "${workflowName}" not found in catalog`);
+        }
+        const scriptCode = builtin.generateScript(args);
+        result = await executeWorkflowScriptFromCode(scriptCode, context, args, sourceFile);
+      } else {
+        result = await executeWorkflowScript(sourceFile, context, args);
+      }
+
+      // Only update to completed if we haven't been cancelled mid-flight.
+      if (state.status !== 'cancelled') {
+        state.status = 'completed';
+        state.finishedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+      }
+      // Store result
+      state.result = result;
+      this.#emit({ type: 'run_completed', runId, name: state.name });
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (state.status === 'cancelled') return; // already handled
+      const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+      state.status = 'failed';
+      state.finishedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+      state.error = message;
+      this.#emit({ type: 'run_failed', runId, name: state.name, error: message });
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle an `agent()` call from within a workflow.
+   * Creates a session + chat, dispatches inference, polls for completion.
+   */
+  async #handleAgentCall(
+    runId: string,
+    prompt: string,
+    spec: AgentTaskSpec,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
+  ): Promise<unknown> {
+    const label = spec.label ?? `agent-${prompt.slice(0, 40).replace(/\s+/g, '_')}`;
+
+    this.#emit({ type: 'agent_task_started', runId, label });
+
+    try {
+      const result = await this.executeAgentTask(prompt, spec, signal);
+      this.#emit({ type: 'agent_task_completed', runId, label });
+      return result;
+    } catch (err) {
+      this.#emit({ type: 'agent_task_completed', runId, label });
+      const message = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        output: null,
+        error: message,
+      } satisfies AgentTaskResult;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Core agent task execution: create session/chat, dispatch inference, poll.
+   *
+   * Exported as a public method for testing.
+   */
+  async executeAgentTask(
+    prompt: string,
+    spec: AgentTaskSpec,
+    signal?: AbortSignal,
+  ): Promise<unknown> {
+    // ---- 0. Check resumability cache before creating a new task ----
+    const cacheKeyStr = cacheKey(spec, '');
+    const cached = getCachedResult(cacheKeyStr);
+    if (cached) {
+      return { ...cached, cached: true } satisfies AgentTaskResult;
+    }
+
+    const model = spec.model ?? null;
+
+    // ---- 1. Create a session for this agent task ----
+    const sessionName = `workflow-agent-${spec.label ?? 'task'}`;
+    const sessionResult = await this.sql.begin(async (tx) => {
+      const [session] = await tx<{ id: string }[]>`
+        INSERT INTO sessions (project_id, name, model)
+        VALUES (${this.projectId}, ${sessionName}, ${model ?? 'qwen3.6-35b-a3b-mxfp4'})
+        RETURNING id
+      `;
+      if (!session) throw new Error('Failed to create workflow agent session');
+      return session;
+    });
+    const sessionId = sessionResult.id;
+
+    // ---- 2. Create a chat in this session ----
+    const chatResult = await this.sql.begin(async (tx) => {
+      const [chat] = await tx<{ id: string }[]>`
+        INSERT INTO chats (session_id, name)
+        VALUES (${sessionId}, ${spec.label ?? null})
+        RETURNING id
+      `;
+      if (!chat) throw new Error('Failed to create workflow agent chat');
+      return chat;
+    });
+    const chatId = chatResult.id;
+
+    // ---- 3. Insert user message + streaming assistant message ----
+    const { userMessageId, assistantMessageId } = await this.sql.begin(async (tx) => {
+      const [userMsg] = await tx<{ id: string }[]>`
+        INSERT INTO messages (session_id, chat_id, role, content, status, created_at)
+        VALUES (${sessionId}, ${chatId}, 'user', ${prompt}, 'complete', clock_timestamp())
+        RETURNING id
+      `;
+      const [assistantMsg] = await tx<{ id: string }[]>`
+        INSERT INTO messages (session_id, chat_id, role, content, status, created_at)
+        VALUES (${sessionId}, ${chatId}, 'assistant', '', 'streaming', clock_timestamp())
+        RETURNING id
+      `;
+      return {
+        userMessageId: userMsg!.id,
+        assistantMessageId: assistantMsg!.id,
+      };
+    });
+
+    // ---- 4. Dispatch inference ----
+    // Create a bounded InferenceContext that won't crash on missing WS
+    const ctx: import('../inference/types.js').InferenceContext = {
+      sql: this.sql,
+      config: this.config,
+      log: this.log,
+      publish: noopPublish as unknown as import('../inference/types.js').FramePublisher,
+      publishUser: noopPublishUser as unknown as (frame: UserStreamFrame) => void,
+      broker: this.broker,
+    };
+
+    // Create a merged signal (workflow cancellation + optional caller signal)
+    const mergedController = new AbortController();
+    const onAbort = () => mergedController.abort();
+    signal?.addEventListener('abort', onAbort, { once: true });
+
+    const inferencePromise = runInference(
+      ctx,
+      sessionId,
+      chatId,
+      assistantMessageId,
+      mergedController.signal,
+    ).finally(() => {
+      signal?.removeEventListener('abort', onAbort);
+    });
+
+    // ---- 5. Poll for completion ----
+    try {
+      const result = await this.#pollForCompletion(
+        chatId,
+        assistantMessageId,
+        inferencePromise,
+        mergedController.signal,
+      );
+
+      // Cache successful results for resumability
+      if (typeof result === 'object' && result !== null && (result as Record<string, unknown>).ok === true) {
+        setCachedResult(cacheKeyStr, {
+          ok: true,
+          output: (result as Record<string, unknown>).output,
+          token_usage: (result as Record<string, unknown>).token_usage as
+            | { prompt: number; completion: number }
+            | undefined,
+        });
+      }
+
+      return result;
+    } catch (err) {
+      if ((err as Error)?.message === 'cancelled') {
+        return { ok: false, output: null, error: 'Task was cancelled' } satisfies AgentTaskResult;
+      }
+      return {
+        ok: false,
+        output: null,
+        error: err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err),
+      } satisfies AgentTaskResult;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Poll the messages table until the assistant message status changes
+   * from 'streaming' to 'complete' / 'failed' / 'cancelled'.
+   */
+  async #pollForCompletion(
+    chatId: string,
+    assistantMessageId: string,
+    inferencePromise: Promise<void>,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
+  ): Promise<unknown> {
+    // Wait for either inference to finish or timeout
+    const timeout = new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
+      const timer = setTimeout(() => {
+        reject(new Error(`Agent task timed out after ${AGENT_TASK_TIMEOUT_MS}ms`));
+      }, AGENT_TASK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+      signal.addEventListener('abort', () => {
+        clearTimeout(timer);
+        reject(new Error('cancelled'));
+      }, { once: true });
+    });
+
+    // Poll loop — runs until inference completes, timeout, or cancellation
+    const pollLoop = (async () => {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line no-constant-condition
+      while (true) {
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, POLL_INTERVAL_MS));
+
+        const rows = await this.sql<{
+          status: string;
+          content: string;
+          tool_calls: unknown;
+          tokens_used: number | null;
+        }[]>`
+          SELECT m.status, m.content, m.role,
+                 (SELECT jsonb_agg(p.payload ORDER BY p.sequence)
+                  FROM message_parts p
+                  WHERE p.message_id = m.id AND p.kind = 'tool_call' AND p.hidden_at IS NULL) AS tool_calls,
+                 m.tokens_used
+          FROM messages m
+          WHERE m.id = ${assistantMessageId}
+        `;
+
+        const msg = rows[0];
+        if (!msg) {
+          throw new Error(`Assistant message ${assistantMessageId} not found`);
+        }
+
+        if (msg.status === 'complete') {
+          return {
+            ok: true,
+            output: msg.content,
+            token_usage: msg.tokens_used ? { prompt: 0, completion: msg.tokens_used } : undefined,
+          };
+        }
+
+        if (msg.status === 'failed' || msg.status === 'cancelled') {
+          return {
+            ok: false,
+            output: msg.content || null,
+            error: `Assistant message ended with status: ${msg.status}`,
+          };
+        }
+
+        // Still streaming — continue polling
+      }
+    })();
+
+    // Race: polling vs timeout vs inference error vs cancellation
+    try {
+      return await Promise.race([pollLoop, timeout]);
+    } finally {
+      // Ensure inference is settled (but don't block on it)
+      inferencePromise.catch(() => {});
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle a nested `workflow()` call from within a workflow.
+   * Runs the named workflow with the given args and returns its result.
+   */
+  async #handleNestedWorkflow(
+    parentRunId: string,
+    name: string,
+    args: Record<string, unknown>,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
+  ): Promise<unknown> {
+    const found = findWorkflow(name, this.projectRoot);
+    if (!found) {
+      return { ok: false, output: null, error: `Nested workflow not found: "${name}"` };
+    }
+
+    const nestedRunId = randomUUID();
+    const startedAt = new Date().toISOString();
+    const nestedState: WorkflowRunState = {
+      id: nestedRunId,
+      name,
+      status: 'running',
+      startedAt,
+      abortController: new AbortController(),
+    };
+    this.#runs.set(nestedRunId, nestedState);
+    this.#emit({ type: 'run_started', runId: nestedRunId, name });
+
+    // Link parent cancellation to nested
+    signal.addEventListener('abort', () => {
+      nestedState.abortController.abort();
+    }, { once: true });
+
+    await this.#executeRun(nestedState, found.sourceFile, args);
+
+    if (nestedState.status === 'cancelled') {
+      return { ok: false, output: null, error: 'Nested workflow cancelled' };
+    }
+    if (nestedState.status === 'failed') {
+      return { ok: false, output: null, error: nestedState.error };
+    }
+    return { ok: true, output: nestedState.result };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a minimal WorkflowContext for non-execution purposes
+   * (e.g. loading meta).
+   */
+  #createMinimalContext(runId: string): Record<string, unknown> {
+    return {
+      agent: () => Promise.reject(new Error('Not available in this context')),
+      parallel: () => Promise.reject(new Error('Not available in this context')),
+      pipeline: () => Promise.reject(new Error('Not available in this context')),
+      phase: () => {},
+      log: () => {},
+      budget: { total: null, spent: () => 0, remaining: () => Infinity },
+      args: {},
+      workflow: () => Promise.reject(new Error('Not available in this context')),
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emit a workflow event to all registered listeners.
+   */
+  #emit(event: WorkflowEvent): void {
+    for (const handler of this.#listeners) {
+      try {
+        handler(event);
+      } catch {
+        // Swallow listener errors — one bad listener shouldn't break others
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// ---- internal types ----
+
+/**
+ * Metadata returned from listWorkflows / getWorkflow.
+ */
+export interface WorkflowMetaInfo {
+  name: string;
+  sourceFile: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Internal mutable state for an active workflow run.
+ */
+interface WorkflowRunState {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  status: WorkflowRunStatus;
+  startedAt: string;
+  finishedAt?: string;
+  error?: string;
+  result?: unknown;
+  abortController: AbortController;
+}

apps/server/src/services/workflow/resumability.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+// v2.8.0: Workflow resumability cache — SHA-256 hash-based in-memory cache
+// for completed agent task results. When a workflow re-runs, completed agents
+// with unchanged specs skip execution and return cached results.
+//
+// The cache is purely in-memory (Map). No DB persistence for v1.
+// All functions are exported for testing.
+
+import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
+import type { AgentTaskSpec } from './types.js';
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Types
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Shape of a cached agent task result. Mirrors the successful fields of
+ * `AgentTaskResult` without the runtime-only `cached` flag.
+ */
+export interface CachedResult {
+  ok: boolean;
+  output: unknown;
+  error?: string;
+  token_usage?: { prompt: number; completion: number };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Internal cache entry with insertion timestamp for TTL support.
+ */
+interface CacheEntry {
+  result: CachedResult;
+  insertedAt: number;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Cache store
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Default TTL for cached entries (30 minutes).
+ * After this period entries are considered stale and are evicted on access.
+ */
+const DEFAULT_TTL_MS = 1_800_000;
+
+/**
+ * Maximum number of entries before the cache starts evicting oldest entries.
+ */
+const MAX_ENTRIES = 500;
+
+/**
+ * In-memory cache store: SHA-256 hash → cached result.
+ */
+const cache = new Map<string, CacheEntry>();
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Public API
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Build a deterministic SHA-256 hash for an agent task specification.
+ *
+ * The hash is computed from a stable-ordered JSON serialisation of the spec
+ * (prompt + options) so that identical specs always produce the same key
+ * regardless of JavaScript property insertion order.
+ *
+ * @param spec   - The agent task specification (prompt, options, etc.).
+ * @param args   - Additional arguments string (e.g. workflow args fingerprint).
+ * @returns A 64-character hex SHA-256 digest.
+ */
+export function cacheKey(spec: AgentTaskSpec, args: string): string {
+  const hash = createHash('sha256');
+
+  // Stable-sorted serialisation of the spec
+  hash.update(stableJson(spec));
+
+  // Append the args fingerprint
+  hash.update('\0');
+  hash.update(args);
+
+  return hash.digest('hex');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Look up a cached result by its cache key.
+ *
+ * Returns `null` when:
+ *   - The key doesn't exist in the cache.
+ *   - The cached entry has exceeded the TTL (evicted silently).
+ *
+ * @param key - The SHA-256 hex key returned by `cacheKey()`.
+ * @returns The cached result, or `null` if not found or expired.
+ */
+export function getCachedResult(key: string): CachedResult | null {
+  const entry = cache.get(key);
+  if (!entry) return null;
+
+  // TTL check — stale entries are evicted on access
+  if (Date.now() - entry.insertedAt > DEFAULT_TTL_MS) {
+    cache.delete(key);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return entry.result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Store an agent task result in the cache.
+ *
+ * If the cache has reached `MAX_ENTRIES`, the oldest entry (by insertion time)
+ * is evicted first. This is a simple FIFO eviction — not a full LRU — because
+ * workflow runs are expected to exhibit high temporal locality (recently
+ * completed steps in the current run are the most likely to be re-queried).
+ *
+ * @param key    - The SHA-256 hex key returned by `cacheKey()`.
+ * @param result - The result to cache.
+ */
+export function setCachedResult(key: string, result: CachedResult): void {
+  // Evict oldest entry if at capacity
+  if (cache.size >= MAX_ENTRIES) {
+    let oldestKey: string | undefined;
+    let oldestTime = Infinity;
+
+    for (const [k, entry] of cache) {
+      if (entry.insertedAt < oldestTime) {
+        oldestTime = entry.insertedAt;
+        oldestKey = k;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (oldestKey) {
+      cache.delete(oldestKey);
+    }
+  }
+
+  cache.set(key, {
+    result,
+    insertedAt: Date.now(),
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Invalidate all cached entries that were produced during a specific workflow
+ * run. The `runKey` is matched as a prefix of the cache key — this works
+ * because `cacheKey()` incorporates the args string, and the caller passes
+ * a run-specific token as the `args` parameter.
+ *
+ * @param runKey - The run-specific key prefix to invalidate.
+ */
+export function invalidateRun(runKey: string): void {
+  for (const key of cache.keys()) {
+    if (key.startsWith(runKey)) {
+      cache.delete(key);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Clear the entire cache. Used for testing and manual reset.
+ */
+export function clearCache(): void {
+  cache.clear();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the current number of entries in the cache.
+ * Useful for testing assertions.
+ */
+export function cacheSize(): number {
+  return cache.size;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Internal helpers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Stable JSON serialisation that produces the same output string for the same
+ * data regardless of JavaScript object property insertion order.
+ *
+ * - Object keys are sorted lexicographically.
+ * - Arrays preserve their element order.
+ * - Primitives are serialised via `JSON.stringify`.
+ */
+function stableJson(value: unknown): string {
+  if (value === null) return 'null';
+  if (typeof value !== 'object') return JSON.stringify(value);
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    return `[${value.map(stableJson).join(',')}]`;
+  }
+  const keys = Object.keys(value as Record<string, unknown>).sort();
+  const pairs = keys.map(
+    (k) =>
+      `${JSON.stringify(k)}:${stableJson((value as Record<string, unknown>)[k])}`,
+  );
+  return `{${pairs.join(',')}}`;
+}

apps/server/src/services/workflow/sandbox.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+// v2.8.0: VM sandbox for executing workflow scripts in an isolated Node.js
+// context with a restricted global scope. Uses Node's built-in `vm` module
+// (zero additional dependencies).
+//
+// Workflow scripts can use either CommonJS (`module.exports`) or ESM syntax
+// (`export const` / `export default`). ESM syntax is automatically transformed
+// to CJS before execution via a lightweight regex transform.
+
+import vm from 'node:vm';
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
+import type { WorkflowContext } from './types.js';
+
+/**
+ * Shared timeout for all sandboxed script execution.
+ * Prevents runaway workflows from blocking the server indefinitely.
+ */
+const EXECUTION_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
+
+/**
+ * Regex-based ESM-to-CJS transform for workflow scripts.
+ *
+ * Handles:
+ *   - `export const|let|var <name> = <value>;` → `<name> = <value>;`
+ *   - `export default <expression>;`            → `default = <expression>;`
+ *   - `export default function <name>(...) {...}` → `default = function <name>(...) {...}`
+ *   - `export { <name1>, <name2> }`             → removed (inline assignment)
+ *
+ * @param code - Raw source code (ESM or CJS).
+ * @returns Code transformed to CJS assignments suitable for vm.Script.
+ */
+export function transformEsmToCjs(code: string): string {
+  // Remove `export ` prefix from declarations and `export default` assignments.
+  // Order matters: handle `export default function` before bare `export default`.
+  let transformed = code
+    // export default async function name(...) {...}  →  default = async function name(...) {...}
+    .replace(
+      /export\s+default\s+(async\s+)?function\s*\**\s*(\w+)?\s*\(/g,
+      (_, asyncKw, _name) => {
+        return `default = ${asyncKw ?? ''}function ${_name ?? ''}(`;
+      },
+    )
+    // export default class Name {...}  →  default = class Name {...}
+    .replace(/export\s+default\s+(class\s+\w+)/g, 'default = $1')
+    // export default <expression>;  →  default = <expression>;
+    .replace(/export\s+default\s+/g, 'default = ')
+    // export const|let|var name = value  →  name = value
+    .replace(
+      /export\s+(const|let|var)\s+(\w+)\s*=/g,
+      (_, _decl, name) => `${name} =`,
+    )
+    // export function name(...) {...}  →  (hoisted, keep as-is but remove export)
+    .replace(/^export\s+(function\s+\w+)/gm, '$1')
+    // export class Name {...}  →  keep but remove export
+    .replace(/^export\s+(class\s+\w+)/gm, '$1')
+    // export { a, b, c }  →  (remove line)
+    .replace(/^export\s+\{[^}]*\}\s*;?\s*$/gm, '')
+    // export { a, b as c }  →  (remove line)
+    .replace(/^export\s+\{[^}]*\s+as\s+\w+[^}]*\}\s*;?\s*$/gm, '');
+
+  return transformed;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine whether code uses ESM export syntax (export keyword at line start
+ * or after optional whitespace).
+ */
+export function isEsmSyntax(code: string): boolean {
+  return /^\s*export\s+(const|let|var|function|class|default|\{)/m.test(code);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build a restricted sandbox object with the workflow runtime API.
+ *
+ * @param context - The WorkflowContext methods to expose to the script.
+ * @returns A plain object suitable for vm.createContext().
+ */
+export function buildSandbox(context: WorkflowContext): Record<string, unknown> {
+  return {
+    // --- Workflow API (from context) ---
+    agent: context.agent,
+    parallel: context.parallel,
+    pipeline: context.pipeline,
+    phase: context.phase,
+    log: context.log,
+    budget: context.budget,
+    args: context.args,
+    workflow: context.workflow,
+
+    // --- Safe built-ins ---
+    console: {
+      log: context.log,
+      warn: context.log,
+      error: context.log,
+    },
+    setTimeout,
+    clearTimeout,
+    setInterval: undefined,  // intentionally disabled
+    clearInterval: undefined, // intentionally disabled
+    Promise,
+    JSON,
+    Math,
+    Date,
+    RegExp,
+    Error,
+    Array,
+    Object,
+    String,
+    Number,
+    Boolean,
+    Map,
+    Set,
+    WeakMap,
+    WeakSet,
+    parseInt,
+    parseFloat,
+    isNaN,
+    isFinite,
+    Symbol,
+    BigInt,
+    undefined,
+    null: null,
+    true: true,
+    false: false,
+
+    // --- CommonJS interop ---
+    module: { exports: {} },
+    exports: {},
+    require: undefined, // intentionally disabled
+    global: undefined,  // prevent escape via `globalThis`
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Execute a workflow script in the sandbox and return its default export
+ * (the main async function).
+ *
+ * @param sourceFile - Absolute path to the .js workflow file.
+ * @param context    - The WorkflowContext to expose to the script.
+ * @returns The workflow's default export function.
+ * @throws {Error} If the script doesn't export a default async function,
+ *                 or if execution fails.
+ */
+export function loadWorkflowScript(
+  sourceFile: string,
+  context: WorkflowContext,
+): (...args: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown> {
+  const code = readFileSync(sourceFile, 'utf8');
+  const finalCode = isEsmSyntax(code) ? transformEsmToCjs(code) : code;
+
+  const rawSandbox = buildSandbox(context);
+  const sandbox = rawSandbox as Record<string, unknown> & {
+    module: { exports: Record<string, unknown> };
+  };
+
+  vm.createContext(sandbox);
+
+  try {
+    const script = new vm.Script(finalCode);
+    script.runInContext(sandbox, {
+      timeout: EXECUTION_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      filename: sourceFile,
+    });
+  } catch (err) {
+    const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    throw new Error(`Workflow script execution failed: ${msg}`);
+  }
+
+  // Check module.exports first (CJS), then sandbox.default (ESM transform)
+  const exported = sandbox.module.exports.default ?? sandbox.default;
+  // Also support `module.exports = async function(...)` (direct assignment)
+  const mainFn =
+    typeof sandbox.module.exports === 'function'
+      ? sandbox.module.exports
+      : exported;
+
+  if (typeof mainFn !== 'function') {
+    const exportedKeys = Object.keys({
+      ...sandbox.module.exports,
+      ...(sandbox.default ? { default: true } : {}),
+    });
+    throw new Error(
+      `Workflow script must export a default async function. ` +
+        `Found exports: ${exportedKeys.join(', ') || '(none)'}. ` +
+        `Make sure your script has "export default async function main(args) {...}".`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-return
+  return mainFn as (...args: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Load a workflow script from a source code string (rather than a file).
+ * Useful for built-in workflows from the catalog that don't have a
+ * corresponding .js file on disk.
+ *
+ * @param code       - The JavaScript source code of the workflow.
+ * @param context    - The WorkflowContext to expose.
+ * @param filename   - Virtual filename for stack traces (e.g. 'builtin://deep-research').
+ * @returns The workflow's default export function.
+ * @throws {Error} If the script doesn't export a default async function.
+ */
+export function loadWorkflowScriptFromCode(
+  code: string,
+  context: WorkflowContext,
+  filename?: string,
+): (...args: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown> {
+  const finalCode = isEsmSyntax(code) ? transformEsmToCjs(code) : code;
+
+  const rawSandbox = buildSandbox(context);
+  const sandbox = rawSandbox as Record<string, unknown> & {
+    module: { exports: Record<string, unknown> };
+  };
+
+  vm.createContext(sandbox);
+
+  try {
+    const script = new vm.Script(finalCode);
+    script.runInContext(sandbox, {
+      timeout: EXECUTION_TIMEOUT_MS,
+      filename: filename ?? 'workflow:<anonymous>',
+    });
+  } catch (err) {
+    const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err);
+    throw new Error(`Workflow script execution failed: ${msg}`);
+  }
+
+  const exported = sandbox.module.exports.default ?? sandbox.default;
+  const mainFn =
+    typeof sandbox.module.exports === 'function'
+      ? sandbox.module.exports
+      : exported;
+
+  if (typeof mainFn !== 'function') {
+    const exportedKeys = Object.keys({
+      ...sandbox.module.exports,
+      ...(sandbox.default ? { default: true } : {}),
+    });
+    throw new Error(
+      `Workflow script must export a default async function. ` +
+        `Found exports: ${exportedKeys.join(', ') || '(none)'}.`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-return
+  return mainFn as (...args: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * High-level convenience: load and execute a workflow script in a single call.
+ *
+ * @param sourceFile - Absolute path to the .js workflow file.
+ * @param context    - The WorkflowContext to expose.
+ * @param args       - Optional arguments passed to the workflow function.
+ * @returns The workflow's return value.
+ */
+export async function executeWorkflowScript(
+  sourceFile: string,
+  context: WorkflowContext,
+  args?: Record<string, unknown>,
+): Promise<unknown> {
+  const mainFn = loadWorkflowScript(sourceFile, context);
+  return mainFn(args);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Execute a workflow from source code (string) rather than a file.
+ * Convenience wrapper around `loadWorkflowScriptFromCode`.
+ *
+ * @param code     - The JavaScript source code of the workflow.
+ * @param context  - The WorkflowContext to expose.
+ * @param args     - Optional arguments passed to the workflow function.
+ * @param filename - Virtual filename for stack traces.
+ * @returns The workflow's return value.
+ */
+export async function executeWorkflowScriptFromCode(
+  code: string,
+  context: WorkflowContext,
+  args?: Record<string, unknown>,
+  filename?: string,
+): Promise<unknown> {
+  const mainFn = loadWorkflowScriptFromCode(code, context, filename);
+  return mainFn(args);
+}

apps/server/src/services/workflow/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// v2.8.0: Dynamic Workflow Engine — types for the sandboxed multi-agent
+// orchestration runtime. All types are exported for testing.
+
+/**
+ * The expected shape of a workflow script module.
+ * Workflow files are plain .js files that export `meta` and `default`:
+ *
+ * ```js
+ * export const meta = {
+ *   name: 'my-workflow',
+ *   description: 'Does something useful in phases',
+ *   phases: [
+ *     { title: 'Research', detail: 'Gather context' },
+ *     { title: 'Implement', detail: 'Make changes' },
+ *   ],
+ * };
+ *
+ * export default async function main(args) {
+ *   const result = await agent('...');
+ *   return result;
+ * }
+ * ```
+ */
+export interface WorkflowScriptMeta {
+  name: string;
+  description: string;
+  phases?: Array<{ title: string; detail?: string }>;
+}
+
+export interface WorkflowScript {
+  meta: WorkflowScriptMeta;
+  default: (args?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<unknown>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Specification for dispatching a single agent task within a workflow.
+ */
+export interface AgentTaskSpec {
+  /** The instruction prompt for the agent. */
+  prompt: string;
+  /** Optional human-readable label for this task (shown in UI). */
+  label?: string;
+  /** Phase identifier for grouping tasks. */
+  phase?: string;
+  /** Model override (defaults to session/chat model). */
+  model?: string;
+  /** Zod-style JSON schema for structured output validation. */
+  schema?: Record<string, unknown>;
+  /** Required capabilities the agent must have. */
+  capabilities?: string[];
+  /** Per-agent tool-call budget ceiling. */
+  max_tool_calls?: number;
+  /** Per-agent step cap for the inference loop. */
+  max_tool_iters?: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Result returned after an agent task completes.
+ */
+export interface AgentTaskResult {
+  ok: boolean;
+  output: unknown;
+  error?: string;
+  token_usage?: { prompt: number; completion: number };
+  /** True when this result was served from the resumability cache
+   *  rather than re-executing the agent task. */
+  cached?: boolean;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Runtime context passed into every workflow script's default function.
+ * Mirrors the Claude Code-compatible API surface.
+ */
+export interface WorkflowContext {
+  /** Dispatch a single agent prompt. Returns the assistant's reply content. */
+  agent: (prompt: string, opts?: AgentTaskSpec) => Promise<unknown>;
+  /** Run multiple independent tasks concurrently. Returns results in order. */
+  parallel: (thunks: Array<() => Promise<unknown>>) => Promise<unknown[]>;
+  /** Pass items through a sequence of transform stages. */
+  pipeline: (
+    items: unknown[],
+    ...stages: Array<(item: unknown) => Promise<unknown>>
+  ) => Promise<unknown[]>;
+  /** Announce the current execution phase (for UI progress). */
+  phase: (title: string) => void;
+  /** Emit a log message for this workflow run. */
+  log: (message: string) => void;
+  /** Token budget tracker for the current run. */
+  budget: {
+    total: number | null;
+    spent: () => number;
+    remaining: () => number;
+  };
+  /** The arguments passed when this workflow was started. */
+  args: Record<string, unknown>;
+  /** Call another workflow from within a workflow (nested). */
+  workflow: (name: string, args?: Record<string, unknown>) => Promise<unknown>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Status of a workflow execution run.
+ */
+export type WorkflowRunStatus = 'running' | 'completed' | 'failed' | 'cancelled';
+
+/**
+ * Persistent record of a workflow run.
+ */
+export interface WorkflowRun {
+  id: string;
+  name: string;
+  status: WorkflowRunStatus;
+  started_at: string;
+  finished_at?: string;
+  error?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Event emitted by the workflow manager for subscribers.
+ */
+export type WorkflowEvent =
+  | { type: 'run_started'; runId: string; name: string }
+  | { type: 'run_completed'; runId: string; name: string }
+  | { type: 'run_failed'; runId: string; name: string; error: string }
+  | { type: 'run_cancelled'; runId: string; name: string }
+  | { type: 'phase'; runId: string; title: string }
+  | { type: 'log'; runId: string; message: string }
+  | { type: 'agent_task_started'; runId: string; label?: string }
+  | { type: 'agent_task_completed'; runId: string; label?: string };

apps/web/src/api/types.ts

@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ export interface Chat {
   id: string;
   session_id: string;
   name: string | null;
+  model: string | null;
   status: ChatStatus;
   created_at: string;
   updated_at: string;
@@ -131,6 +132,10 @@ export interface ToolResult {
   output: unknown;
   truncated: boolean;
   error?: string;
+  // v2.8: unified diff snippet for write-tool results. Present when the tool
+  // modified files (edit_file, create_file, etc.) and the backend computed a
+  // diff. Rendered inline by DiffSnippet.
+  diff?: string;
 }
 
 // v1.8.2 / v1.11.6: ErrorReason + MessageMetadata single-sourced in
@@ -172,6 +177,10 @@ export interface Message {
   // (CoderPane/CoderMessageList) and streams it live via reasoning_delta
   // frames. MessageBubble reads whichever of the two is present.
   reasoning_text?: string | null;
+  // v2.8-compare: compare group id. Set when the message is part of a
+  // multi-model compare response. All assistant messages in the same compare
+  // group share this id, keyed to the user message that triggered the compare.
+  compare_group_id?: string;
   // v1.11: anchored rolling compaction fields. Optional on the wire so that
   // older API responses (or test fixtures) parse without explicit nulls.
   //   summary       — true on the assistant row that holds the active
@@ -513,8 +522,8 @@ export interface WorkspaceState {
 
 export type WsFrame =
   | { type: 'snapshot'; messages: Message[] }
-  | { type: 'message_started'; message_id: string; chat_id?: string; role: MessageRole }
-  | { type: 'delta'; message_id: string; chat_id?: string; content: string }
+  | { type: 'message_started'; message_id: string; chat_id?: string; role: MessageRole; compare_group_id?: string }
+  | { type: 'delta'; message_id: string; chat_id?: string; content: string; compare_group_id?: string }
   | { type: 'tool_call'; message_id: string; chat_id?: string; tool_call: ToolCall }
   | {
       type: 'tool_result';
@@ -524,6 +533,7 @@ export type WsFrame =
       output: unknown;
       truncated: boolean;
       error?: string;
+      diff?: string;
     }
   | {
       type: 'message_complete';
@@ -547,6 +557,7 @@ export type WsFrame =
       // 'cancelled' on a user Stop / stall and 'failed' on a thrown error so the
       // reducer renders a muted "Stopped" / failed state — no new frame type.
       status?: 'complete' | 'cancelled' | 'failed';
+      compare_group_id?: string;
     }
   // v1.12.2: live throughput frame, published mid-stream every ~500ms with
   // the latest token + ctx counts so ChatThroughput can render tok/s and
@@ -576,7 +587,7 @@ export type WsFrame =
   | { type: 'compacted'; session_id: string; chat_id: string; summary_message_id: string }
   // v1.8.2: `reason` discriminates structured failures (the UI prefers it
   // over `error` text when present).
-  | { type: 'error'; message_id?: string; chat_id?: string; error: string; reason?: ErrorReason }
+  | { type: 'error'; message_id?: string; chat_id?: string; error: string; reason?: ErrorReason; compare_group_id?: string }
   // agent-status-normalize (#10): BooCoder publishes a normalized per-(chat,agent)
   // lifecycle status for external coding agents on the per-session channel. The
   // CoderPane tracks the latest status per (chat_id, agent) and resets on chat
@@ -674,11 +685,13 @@ export type WsFrame =
       message_id?: string;
       chat_id?: string;
       content?: string;
+      compare_group_id?: string;
       tool_call?: ToolCall;
       tool_message_id?: string;
       tool_call_id?: string;
       output?: unknown;
       truncated?: boolean;
+      diff?: string;
       error?: string;
       reason?: string;
       status?: 'running' | 'complete' | 'cancelled' | 'failed';

apps/web/src/components/CacheShapeBadge.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// vDeepSeek: cache shape telemetry badge. Displays cache token count with
+// a colored hit-rate bar in the trace viewer. Color thresholds are relative
+// to output tokens (tokens_used) since the trace doesn't carry prompt miss
+// tokens separately: green > 50%, yellow > 10%, red ≤ 10%.
+
+export interface CacheShapeBadgeProps {
+  cacheTokens: number | null | undefined;
+  totalTokens: number | null | undefined;
+}
+
+function hitRate(cache: number, total: number): number {
+  if (cache <= 0 || total <= 0) return 0;
+  return cache / (cache + total);
+}
+
+function barColor(rate: number): string {
+  if (rate > 0.5) return 'bg-green-500';
+  if (rate > 0.1) return 'bg-yellow-500';
+  return 'bg-red-500';
+}
+
+export function CacheShapeBadge({ cacheTokens, totalTokens }: CacheShapeBadgeProps) {
+  if (cacheTokens == null || cacheTokens <= 0) return null;
+
+  const rate = hitRate(cacheTokens, totalTokens ?? 0);
+  const pct = Math.round(rate * 100);
+  const color = barColor(rate);
+
+  return (
+    <span className="shrink-0 inline-flex items-center gap-1 font-mono tabular-nums text-[10px] text-muted-foreground/60" title={`cache hit rate ${pct}%`}>
+      <span className={`inline-block w-1.5 h-3 rounded-sm ${color}`} />
+      <span>{cacheTokens}c</span>
+      {totalTokens != null && totalTokens > 0 && (
+        <span className="text-muted-foreground/40">{pct}%</span>
+      )}
+    </span>
+  );
+}

apps/web/src/components/DiffSnippet.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { ChevronDown, ChevronRight, FileCode } from 'lucide-react';
+
+interface Props {
+  diff: string;
+}
+
+const INITIAL_LINES = 10;
+
+export function DiffSnippet({ diff }: Props) {
+  const [expanded, setExpanded] = useState(false);
+
+  const lines = useMemo(() => diff.split('\n'), [diff]);
+  const totalLines = lines.length;
+
+  // Find the first and last content lines (skip leading ---/+++ headers)
+  const firstContentIdx = lines.findIndex(
+    (l) => l.startsWith('+') || l.startsWith('-') || l.startsWith(' '),
+  );
+
+  // Count content lines that are either +, -, or context lines
+  const contentLineCount = lines.filter(
+    (l) => l.startsWith('+') || l.startsWith('-') || l.startsWith(' '),
+  ).length;
+
+  // Show first N content lines, plus header lines
+  const displayLines = useMemo(() => {
+    const sliceEnd = expanded ? lines.length : Math.min(firstContentIdx + INITIAL_LINES + contentLineCount, lines.length);
+    return lines.slice(0, sliceEnd);
+  }, [lines, expanded, firstContentIdx, contentLineCount]);
+
+  const hasMore = totalLines > displayLines.length;
+
+  if (totalLines === 0) return null;
+
+  return (
+    <div className="mt-1 rounded border border-border/40 bg-muted/20 overflow-hidden">
+      <button
+        type="button"
+        onClick={() => setExpanded((v) => !v)}
+        className="flex items-center gap-1.5 w-full px-2 py-1 text-left hover:bg-muted/30 text-[10px] font-mono text-muted-foreground"
+      >
+        <FileCode className="size-3 shrink-0" />
+        <span className="font-medium">diff</span>
+        <span className="text-muted-foreground/60">
+          — {contentLineCount} line{contentLineCount === 1 ? '' : 's'} changed
+        </span>
+        <span className="ml-auto shrink-0">
+          {expanded ? <ChevronDown className="size-3" /> : <ChevronRight className="size-3" />}
+        </span>
+      </button>
+      <div className="px-0 pb-0.5">
+        {displayLines.map((line, i) => {
+          // Determine color class based on line prefix
+          let colorClass = 'text-muted-foreground/60';
+          if (line.startsWith('+')) colorClass = 'text-emerald-600 dark:text-emerald-400';
+          else if (line.startsWith('-')) colorClass = 'text-red-500 dark:text-red-400';
+          else if (line.startsWith('@@')) colorClass = 'text-muted-foreground';
+          else if (line.startsWith('---') || line.startsWith('+++')) colorClass = 'text-muted-foreground/50';
+
+          return (
+            <div
+              key={i}
+              className={`leading-[1.3] px-2 text-[10px] font-mono whitespace-pre ${colorClass} ${
+                line.startsWith('+')
+                  ? 'bg-emerald-500/5'
+                  : line.startsWith('-')
+                    ? 'bg-red-500/5'
+                    : ''
+              }`}
+            >
+              {line}
+            </div>
+          );
+        })}
+        {hasMore && !expanded && (
+          <button
+            type="button"
+            onClick={() => setExpanded(true)}
+            className="w-full text-left px-2 py-0.5 text-[10px] font-mono text-muted-foreground/60 hover:text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted/30"
+          >
+            Show {totalLines - displayLines.length} more lines…
+          </button>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}

apps/web/src/components/ToolCallLine.tsx

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import { useState } from 'react';
-import { Check, ChevronRight, Loader2, X } from 'lucide-react';
+import { Check, ChevronRight, Loader2, ShieldAlert, X } from 'lucide-react';
 import type { ToolCall, ToolResult } from '@/api/types';
 import { linkifyPaths } from '@/lib/linkify-paths';
+import { DiffSnippet } from './DiffSnippet';
+import { McpPermissionDialog } from './McpPermissionDialog';
 
 // v1.8.2: cap on the inline arg-summary length. Expanded view shows full
 // args + full result, so this is purely a single-line render budget.
@@ -105,14 +107,18 @@ interface Props {
   // When rendered inside a ToolCallGroup the line is already nested under a
   // shared header, so the leading arrow is dropped to avoid double indent.
   insideGroup?: boolean;
+  chatId?: string;
 }
 
-export function ToolCallLine({ run, insideGroup }: Props) {
+export function ToolCallLine({ run, insideGroup, chatId }: Props) {
   const [open, setOpen] = useState(false);
+  const [approveOpen, setApproveOpen] = useState(false);
   const status = runStatus(run);
   const args = run.call.args ?? {};
   const summary = formatToolArgs(run.call.name, args);
 
+  const needsApproval = run.result?.error?.startsWith('requires approval:') === true;
+
   return (
     <div className="text-xs">
       <button
@@ -129,7 +135,7 @@ export function ToolCallLine({ run, insideGroup }: Props) {
           />
         )}
         <ChevronRight
-          className={`size-3 text-muted-foreground/60 shrink-0 transition-transform ${open ? 'rotate-90' : ''}`}
+          className={`size-3 text-muted-foreground/60 shrink-0 motion-reduce:transition-none transition-transform ${open ? 'rotate-90' : ''}`}
         />
         <span className="font-mono text-foreground/90 shrink-0">{run.call.name}</span>
         {summary && (
@@ -158,7 +164,27 @@ export function ToolCallLine({ run, insideGroup }: Props) {
           {run.result && (
             <pre className="text-[11px] font-mono whitespace-pre-wrap bg-muted/30 rounded px-2 py-1 max-h-72 overflow-y-auto">
               {run.result.error ? (
+                needsApproval ? (
+                  <span className="flex flex-col gap-2">
+                    <span className="text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-400">
+                      This tool requires your approval
+                    </span>
+                    {chatId && (
+                      <span>
+                        <button
+                          type="button"
+                          onClick={() => setApproveOpen(true)}
+                          className="inline-flex items-center gap-1 rounded bg-amber-500/10 px-2 py-1 text-xs font-medium text-amber-600 hover:bg-amber-500/20 dark:text-amber-400"
+                        >
+                          <ShieldAlert className="size-3" />
+                          Approve
+                        </button>
+                      </span>
+                    )}
+                  </span>
+                ) : (
                   <span className="text-destructive">{run.result.error}</span>
+                )
               ) : (
                 linkifyPaths(
                   typeof run.result.output === 'string'
@@ -171,6 +197,17 @@ export function ToolCallLine({ run, insideGroup }: Props) {
               )}
             </pre>
           )}
+          {needsApproval && chatId && (
+            <McpPermissionDialog
+              toolCallId={run.call.id}
+              toolName={run.call.name}
+              toolArgs={run.call.args ?? {}}
+              chatId={chatId}
+              open={approveOpen}
+              onClose={() => setApproveOpen(false)}
+            />
+          )}
+          {run.result?.diff && <DiffSnippet diff={run.result.diff} />}
         </div>
       )}
     </div>

apps/web/src/components/TraceViewer.tsx

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import { ChevronDown, ChevronRight, AlertCircle } from 'lucide-react';
 import { api } from '@/api/client';
 import type { ToolTrace } from '@/api/types';
+import { CacheShapeBadge } from '@/components/CacheShapeBadge';
 
 interface Props {
   chatId: string;
@@ -58,11 +59,7 @@ function TraceRow({ trace }: { trace: ToolTrace }) {
             {trace.tokens_used}t
           </span>
         )}
-        {trace.cache_tokens != null && trace.cache_tokens > 0 && (
-          <span className="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/60 font-mono tabular-nums text-[10px]">
-            c{trace.cache_tokens}
-          </span>
-        )}
+        <CacheShapeBadge cacheTokens={trace.cache_tokens} totalTokens={trace.tokens_used} />
         {trace.reasoning_tokens != null && trace.reasoning_tokens > 0 && (
           <span className="shrink-0 text-muted-foreground/60 font-mono tabular-nums text-[10px]">
             r{trace.reasoning_tokens}

apps/web/src/hooks/useSessionStream.ts

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ function channelDeltaToLegacyFrame(delta: ChannelDeltaWsFrame): WsFrame | null {
         output: delta.output,
         truncated: delta.truncated!,
         ...(delta.error ? { error: delta.error } : {}),
+        ...(delta.diff ? { diff: delta.diff } : {}),
       };
     case 'error':
       return {
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ function applyFrame(state: State, frame: WsFrame): State {
         finished_at: null,
         created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
         metadata: null,
+        ...(frame.compare_group_id ? { compare_group_id: frame.compare_group_id } : {}),
       };
       return { ...state, messages: [...state.messages, newMsg] };
     }
@@ -195,21 +197,18 @@ function applyFrame(state: State, frame: WsFrame): State {
       return { ...state, messages: next };
     }
     case 'tool_result': {
-      const exists = state.messages.some((m) => m.id === frame.tool_message_id);
-      if (exists) {
-        const next = state.messages.map((m) =>
-          m.id === frame.tool_message_id
-            ? {
-                ...m,
-                role: 'tool' as const,
-                tool_results: {
+      const toolResultsBase = {
         tool_call_id: frame.tool_call_id,
         output: frame.output,
         truncated: frame.truncated,
         ...(frame.error ? { error: frame.error } : {}),
-                },
-                status: 'complete' as const,
-              }
+        ...(frame.diff ? { diff: frame.diff } : {}),
+      };
+      const exists = state.messages.some((m) => m.id === frame.tool_message_id);
+      if (exists) {
+        const next = state.messages.map((m) =>
+          m.id === frame.tool_message_id
+            ? { ...m, role: 'tool' as const, tool_results: toolResultsBase, status: 'complete' as const }
             : m,
         );
         return { ...state, messages: next };
@@ -222,12 +221,7 @@ function applyFrame(state: State, frame: WsFrame): State {
         content: '',
         kind: 'message',
         tool_calls: null,
-        tool_results: {
-          tool_call_id: frame.tool_call_id,
-          output: frame.output,
-          truncated: frame.truncated,
-          ...(frame.error ? { error: frame.error } : {}),
-        },
+        tool_results: toolResultsBase,
         status: 'complete',
         last_seq: 0,
         tokens_used: null,
@@ -258,6 +252,7 @@ function applyFrame(state: State, frame: WsFrame): State {
               ...(frame.finished_at !== undefined ? { finished_at: frame.finished_at } : {}),
               ...(frame.model !== undefined ? { model: frame.model } : {}),
               ...(frame.metadata !== undefined ? { metadata: frame.metadata } : {}),
+              ...(frame.compare_group_id !== undefined ? { compare_group_id: frame.compare_group_id } : {}),
             }
           : m,
       );
@@ -301,6 +296,7 @@ function applyFrame(state: State, frame: WsFrame): State {
                   ...m,
                   status: 'failed' as const,
                   ...(errorMeta ? { metadata: errorMeta } : {}),
+                  ...(frame.compare_group_id !== undefined ? { compare_group_id: frame.compare_group_id } : {}),
                 }
               : m,
           )

packages/contracts/src/ws-frames.ts

@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ export const MessageStartedFrame = z.object({
   message_id: Uuid,
   chat_id: Uuid.optional(),
   role: MessageRoleValue,
+  // v2.8-compare: groups messages belonging to the same compare operation.
+  compare_group_id: z.string().uuid().optional(),
 });
 
 export const DeltaFrame = z.object({
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ export const DeltaFrame = z.object({
   message_id: Uuid,
   chat_id: Uuid.optional(),
   content: z.string(),
+  compare_group_id: z.string().uuid().optional(),
 });
 
 export const ReasoningDeltaFrame = z.object({
@@ -107,6 +110,10 @@ export const ToolResultFrame = z.object({
   output: z.unknown(),
   truncated: z.boolean(),
   error: z.string().optional(),
+  // v2.8: unified diff for write tools (edit_file, create_file, etc.).
+  // Published alongside successful tool results so the frontend can render
+  // a compact diff snippet inline. Absent for read-only tools or failures.
+  diff: z.string().optional(),
 });
 
 export const MessageCompleteFrame = z.object({
@@ -132,6 +139,7 @@ export const MessageCompleteFrame = z.object({
   // web reducer can render a muted "Stopped" / failed state without a new frame
   // type. Optional → fail-closed publishFrame must keep, not strip, it.
   status: z.enum(['complete', 'cancelled', 'failed']).optional(),
+  compare_group_id: z.string().uuid().optional(),
 });
 
 export const UsageFrame = z.object({
@@ -168,6 +176,7 @@ export const ErrorFrame = z.object({
   chat_id: Uuid.optional(),
   error: z.string(),
   reason: ErrorReasonValue.optional(),
+  compare_group_id: z.string().uuid().optional(),
 });
 
 // ---- per-user channel frames (sidebar refresh) -----------------------------
@@ -472,6 +481,7 @@ const TextChannelPayload = z.object({
   message_id: Uuid,
   chat_id: Uuid.optional(),
   content: z.string(),
+  compare_group_id: z.string().uuid().optional(),
 });
 
 const ToolCallChannelPayload = z.object({
@@ -487,6 +497,7 @@ const ToolResultChannelPayload = z.object({
   output: z.unknown(),
   truncated: z.boolean(),
   error: z.string().optional(),
+  diff: z.string().optional(),
 });
 
 const StatusChannelPayload = z.object({
@@ -534,6 +545,7 @@ export const ChannelDeltaFrame = z.object({
   tool_call_id: ToolCallId.optional(),
   output: z.unknown().optional(),
   truncated: z.boolean().optional(),
+  diff: z.string().optional(),
 });
 
 // ---- discriminated union ---------------------------------------------------